diff --git a/server/storage/wal/repair_test.go b/server/storage/wal/repair_test.go
index b1fd9d25d..e98b4fa58 100644
--- a/server/storage/wal/repair_test.go
+++ b/server/storage/wal/repair_test.go
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func TestRepairWriteTearLast(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return f.Truncate(offset)
 	}
-	testRepair(t, makeEnts(50), corruptf, 40)
+	testRepair(t, makeEnts(50), corruptf, 29)
 }
 
 // TestRepairWriteTearMiddle repairs the WAL when there is write tearing
diff --git a/server/storage/wal/wal.go b/server/storage/wal/wal.go
index ee9727b0d..d9ef667f2 100644
--- a/server/storage/wal/wal.go
+++ b/server/storage/wal/wal.go
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/jonboulle/clockwork"
+
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3/fileutil"
@@ -92,12 +94,14 @@ type WAL struct {
 
 	locks []*fileutil.LockedFile // the locked files the WAL holds (the name is increasing)
 	fp    *filePipeline
+
+	clock clockwork.Clock
 }
 
 // Create creates a WAL ready for appending records. The given metadata is
 // recorded at the head of each WAL file, and can be retrieved with ReadAll
 // after the file is Open.
-func Create(lg *zap.Logger, dirpath string, metadata []byte) (*WAL, error) {
+func Create(lg *zap.Logger, dirpath string, metadata []byte, walClock ...clockwork.Clock) (*WAL, error) {
 	if Exist(dirpath) {
 		return nil, os.ErrExist
 	}
@@ -158,6 +162,12 @@ func Create(lg *zap.Logger, dirpath string, metadata []byte) (*WAL, error) {
 		dir:      dirpath,
 		metadata: metadata,
 	}
+	if walClock != nil {
+		w.clock = walClock[0]
+	} else {
+		w.clock = clockwork.NewRealClock()
+	}
+
 	w.encoder, err = newFileEncoder(f.File, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -166,7 +176,7 @@ func Create(lg *zap.Logger, dirpath string, metadata []byte) (*WAL, error) {
 	if err = w.saveCrc(0); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if err = w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: MetadataType, Data: metadata}); err != nil {
+	if err = w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: MetadataType, Data: metadata, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()}); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err = w.SaveSnapshot(walpb.Snapshot{}); err != nil {
@@ -354,6 +364,7 @@ func openAtIndex(lg *zap.Logger, dirpath string, snap walpb.Snapshot, write bool
 		decoder:   NewDecoder(rs...),
 		readClose: closer,
 		locks:     ls,
+		clock:     clockwork.NewRealClock(),
 	}
 
 	if write {
@@ -748,7 +759,7 @@ func (w *WAL) cut() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err = w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: MetadataType, Data: w.metadata}); err != nil {
+	if err = w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: MetadataType, Data: w.metadata, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()}); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -905,7 +916,7 @@ func (w *WAL) Close() error {
 func (w *WAL) saveEntry(e *raftpb.Entry) error {
 	// TODO: add MustMarshalTo to reduce one allocation.
 	b := pbutil.MustMarshal(e)
-	rec := &walpb.Record{Type: EntryType, Data: b}
+	rec := &walpb.Record{Type: EntryType, Data: b, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()}
 	if err := w.encoder.encode(rec); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -919,7 +930,7 @@ func (w *WAL) saveState(s *raftpb.HardState) error {
 	}
 	w.state = *s
 	b := pbutil.MustMarshal(s)
-	rec := &walpb.Record{Type: StateType, Data: b}
+	rec := &walpb.Record{Type: StateType, Data: b, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()}
 	return w.encoder.encode(rec)
 }
 
@@ -971,7 +982,7 @@ func (w *WAL) SaveSnapshot(e walpb.Snapshot) error {
 	w.mu.Lock()
 	defer w.mu.Unlock()
 
-	rec := &walpb.Record{Type: SnapshotType, Data: b}
+	rec := &walpb.Record{Type: SnapshotType, Data: b, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()}
 	if err := w.encoder.encode(rec); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -983,7 +994,7 @@ func (w *WAL) SaveSnapshot(e walpb.Snapshot) error {
 }
 
 func (w *WAL) saveCrc(prevCrc uint32) error {
-	return w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: CrcType, Crc: prevCrc})
+	return w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: CrcType, Crc: prevCrc, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()})
 }
 
 func (w *WAL) tail() *fileutil.LockedFile {
diff --git a/server/storage/wal/wal_test.go b/server/storage/wal/wal_test.go
index ed3a8893d..fcdef4c1e 100644
--- a/server/storage/wal/wal_test.go
+++ b/server/storage/wal/wal_test.go
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/jonboulle/clockwork"
+
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/zaptest"
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ var (
 func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 	p := t.TempDir()
 
-	w, err := Create(zaptest.NewLogger(t), p, []byte("somedata"))
+	w, err := Create(zaptest.NewLogger(t), p, []byte("somedata"), clockwork.NewFakeClock())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
@@ -75,17 +77,18 @@ func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var wb bytes.Buffer
 	e := newEncoder(&wb, 0, 0)
-	err = e.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: CrcType, Crc: 0})
+	err = e.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: CrcType, Crc: 0, CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
-	err = e.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: MetadataType, Data: []byte("somedata")})
+	err = e.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: MetadataType, Data: []byte("somedata"), CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix()})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 	r := &walpb.Record{
-		Type: SnapshotType,
-		Data: pbutil.MustMarshal(&walpb.Snapshot{}),
+		Type:      SnapshotType,
+		Data:      pbutil.MustMarshal(&walpb.Snapshot{}),
+		CreatedAt: w.clock.Now().Unix(),
 	}
 	if err = e.encode(r); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want nil", err)