diff --git a/conf/webpack.tests.config.js b/conf/webpack.tests.config.js
index 0fe8310..071efd1 100644
--- a/conf/webpack.tests.config.js
+++ b/conf/webpack.tests.config.js
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ export default (env, argv) => {
       ],
       fallback: {
         path: require.resolve('path-browserify'),
+        crypto: require.resolve('crypto-browserify'),
+        stream: require.resolve('stream-browserify'),
         process: false
       }
     },
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 9d2ff29..bbf248a 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
         "blockstore-level": "^1.1.7",
         "c8": "^8.0.1",
         "cross-env": "^7.0.3",
+        "crypto-browserify": "^3.12.0",
         "fs-extra": "^11.2.0",
         "helia": "^4.0.1",
         "it-all": "^3.0.4",
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@
         "playwright-test": "^14.0.0",
         "rimraf": "^5.0.5",
         "standard": "^17.1.0",
+        "stream-browserify": "^3.0.0",
         "webpack": "^5.89.0",
         "webpack-cli": "^5.1.4"
       },
@@ -7624,6 +7626,17 @@
       "dev": true,
       "peer": true
     },
+    "node_modules/asn1.js": {
+      "version": "4.10.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/asn1.js/-/asn1.js-4.10.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-p32cOF5q0Zqs9uBiONKYLm6BClCoBCM5O9JfeUSlnQLBTxYdTK+pW+nXflm8UkKd2UYlEbYz5qEi0JuZR9ckSw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^4.0.0",
+        "inherits": "^2.0.1",
+        "minimalistic-assert": "^1.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/asn1js": {
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/asn1js/-/asn1js-3.0.5.tgz",
@@ -7971,6 +7984,148 @@
         "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/browserify-cipher": {
+      "version": "1.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browserify-cipher/-/browserify-cipher-1.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-sPhkz0ARKbf4rRQt2hTpAHqn47X3llLkUGn+xEJzLjwY8LRs2p0v7ljvI5EyoRO/mexrNunNECisZs+gw2zz1w==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "browserify-aes": "^1.0.4",
+        "browserify-des": "^1.0.0",
+        "evp_bytestokey": "^1.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-des": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browserify-des/-/browserify-des-1.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BioO1xf3hFwz4kc6iBhI3ieDFompMhrMlnDFC4/0/vd5MokpuAc3R+LYbwTA9A5Yc9pq9UYPqffKpW2ObuwX5A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "cipher-base": "^1.0.1",
+        "des.js": "^1.0.0",
+        "inherits": "^2.0.1",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.1.2"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-rsa": {
+      "version": "4.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browserify-rsa/-/browserify-rsa-4.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-AdEER0Hkspgno2aR97SAf6vi0y0k8NuOpGnVH3O99rcA5Q6sh8QxcngtHuJ6uXwnfAXNM4Gn1Gb7/MV1+Ymbog==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^5.0.0",
+        "randombytes": "^2.0.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-rsa/node_modules/bn.js": {
+      "version": "5.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bn.js/-/bn.js-5.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-eXRvHzWyYPBuB4NBy0cmYQjGitUrtqwbvlzP3G6VFnNRbsZQIxQ10PbKKHt8gZ/HW/D/747aDl+QkDqg3KQLMQ==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign": {
+      "version": "4.2.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browserify-sign/-/browserify-sign-4.2.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JWCZW6SKhfhjJxO8Tyiiy+XYB7cqd2S5/+WeYHsKdNKFlCBhKbblba1A/HN/90YwtxKc8tCErjffZl++UNmGiw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^5.2.1",
+        "browserify-rsa": "^4.1.0",
+        "create-hash": "^1.2.0",
+        "create-hmac": "^1.1.7",
+        "elliptic": "^6.5.5",
+        "hash-base": "~3.0",
+        "inherits": "^2.0.4",
+        "parse-asn1": "^5.1.7",
+        "readable-stream": "^2.3.8",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.2.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.12"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/bn.js": {
+      "version": "5.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bn.js/-/bn.js-5.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-eXRvHzWyYPBuB4NBy0cmYQjGitUrtqwbvlzP3G6VFnNRbsZQIxQ10PbKKHt8gZ/HW/D/747aDl+QkDqg3KQLMQ==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/elliptic": {
+      "version": "6.5.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/elliptic/-/elliptic-6.5.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-7EjbcmUm17NQFu4Pmgmq2olYMj8nwMnpcddByChSUjArp8F5DQWcIcpriwO4ZToLNAJig0yiyjswfyGNje/ixw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^4.11.9",
+        "brorand": "^1.1.0",
+        "hash.js": "^1.0.0",
+        "hmac-drbg": "^1.0.1",
+        "inherits": "^2.0.4",
+        "minimalistic-assert": "^1.0.1",
+        "minimalistic-crypto-utils": "^1.0.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/elliptic/node_modules/bn.js": {
+      "version": "4.12.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bn.js/-/bn.js-4.12.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-c98Bf3tPniI+scsdk237ku1Dc3ujXQTSgyiPUDEOe7tRkhrqridvh8klBv0HCEso1OLOYcHuCv/cS6DNxKH+ZA==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/hash-base": {
+      "version": "3.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/hash-base/-/hash-base-3.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EeeoJKjTyt868liAlVmcv2ZsUfGHlE3Q+BICOXcZiwN3osr5Q/zFGYmTJpoIzuaSTAwndFy+GqhEwlU4L3j4Ow==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "inherits": "^2.0.1",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/isarray": {
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/isarray/-/isarray-1.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-VLghIWNM6ELQzo7zwmcg0NmTVyWKYjvIeM83yjp0wRDTmUnrM678fQbcKBo6n2CJEF0szoG//ytg+TKla89ALQ==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/readable-stream": {
+      "version": "2.3.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-2.3.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8p0AUk4XODgIewSi0l8Epjs+EVnWiK7NoDIEGU0HhE7+ZyY8D1IMY7odu5lRrFXGg71L15KG8QrPmum45RTtdA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
+        "inherits": "~2.0.3",
+        "isarray": "~1.0.0",
+        "process-nextick-args": "~2.0.0",
+        "safe-buffer": "~5.1.1",
+        "string_decoder": "~1.1.1",
+        "util-deprecate": "~1.0.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
+      "version": "5.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Gd2UZBJDkXlY7GbJxfsE8/nvKkUEU1G38c1siN6QP6a9PT9MmHB8GnpscSmMJSoF8LOIrt8ud/wPtojys4G6+g==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/string_decoder": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string_decoder/-/string_decoder-1.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-n/ShnvDi6FHbbVfviro+WojiFzv+s8MPMHBczVePfUpDJLwoLT0ht1l4YwBCbi8pJAveEEdnkHyPyTP/mzRfwg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/browserify-sign/node_modules/string_decoder/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
+      "version": "5.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/safe-buffer/-/safe-buffer-5.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Gd2UZBJDkXlY7GbJxfsE8/nvKkUEU1G38c1siN6QP6a9PT9MmHB8GnpscSmMJSoF8LOIrt8ud/wPtojys4G6+g==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "node_modules/browserslist": {
       "version": "4.23.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browserslist/-/browserslist-4.23.0.tgz",
@@ -8731,8 +8886,7 @@
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/core-util-is/-/core-util-is-1.0.3.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-ZQBvi1DcpJ4GDqanjucZ2Hj3wEO5pZDS89BWbkcrvdxksJorwUDDZamX9ldFkp9aw2lmBDLgkObEA4DWNJ9FYQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/cosmiconfig": {
       "version": "5.2.1",
@@ -8860,6 +9014,16 @@
         "node": ">=0.8"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/create-ecdh": {
+      "version": "4.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/create-ecdh/-/create-ecdh-4.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mf+TCx8wWc9VpuxfP2ht0iSISLZnt0JgWlrOKZiNqyUZWnjIaCIVNQArMHnCZKfEYRg6IM7A+NeJoN8gf/Ws0A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^4.1.0",
+        "elliptic": "^6.5.3"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/create-hash": {
       "version": "1.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/create-hash/-/create-hash-1.2.0.tgz",
@@ -8917,6 +9081,28 @@
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/crypto-browserify": {
+      "version": "3.12.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/crypto-browserify/-/crypto-browserify-3.12.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-fz4spIh+znjO2VjL+IdhEpRJ3YN6sMzITSBijk6FK2UvTqruSQW+/cCZTSNsMiZNvUeq0CqurF+dAbyiGOY6Wg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "browserify-cipher": "^1.0.0",
+        "browserify-sign": "^4.0.0",
+        "create-ecdh": "^4.0.0",
+        "create-hash": "^1.1.0",
+        "create-hmac": "^1.1.0",
+        "diffie-hellman": "^5.0.0",
+        "inherits": "^2.0.1",
+        "pbkdf2": "^3.0.3",
+        "public-encrypt": "^4.0.0",
+        "randombytes": "^2.0.0",
+        "randomfill": "^1.0.3"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "*"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/crypto-random-string": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/crypto-random-string/-/crypto-random-string-4.0.0.tgz",
@@ -9149,6 +9335,16 @@
         "node": ">=18"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/des.js": {
+      "version": "1.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/des.js/-/des.js-1.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-r17GxjhUCjSRy8aiJpr8/UadFIzMzJGexI3Nmz4ADi9LYSFx4gTBp80+NaX/YsXWWLhpZ7v/v/ubEc/bCNfKwg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "inherits": "^2.0.1",
+        "minimalistic-assert": "^1.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/destroy": {
       "version": "1.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/destroy/-/destroy-1.2.0.tgz",
@@ -9184,6 +9380,17 @@
         "node": ">=0.3.1"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/diffie-hellman": {
+      "version": "5.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/diffie-hellman/-/diffie-hellman-5.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kqag/Nl+f3GwyK25fhUMYj81BUOrZ9IuJsjIcDE5icNM9FJHAVm3VcUDxdLPoQtTuUylWm6ZIknYJwwaPxsUzg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^4.1.0",
+        "miller-rabin": "^4.0.0",
+        "randombytes": "^2.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/dir-glob": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/dir-glob/-/dir-glob-3.0.1.tgz",
@@ -14181,6 +14388,19 @@
         "node": ">=8.6"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/miller-rabin": {
+      "version": "4.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/miller-rabin/-/miller-rabin-4.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-115fLhvZVqWwHPbClyntxEVfVDfl9DLLTuJvq3g2O/Oxi8AiNouAHvDSzHS0viUJc+V5vm3eq91Xwqn9dp4jRA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^4.0.0",
+        "brorand": "^1.0.1"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "miller-rabin": "bin/miller-rabin"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/mime": {
       "version": "2.6.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mime/-/mime-2.6.0.tgz",
@@ -15302,6 +15522,36 @@
         "node": ">=6"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/parse-asn1": {
+      "version": "5.1.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/parse-asn1/-/parse-asn1-5.1.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-CTM5kuWR3sx9IFamcl5ErfPl6ea/N8IYwiJ+vpeB2g+1iknv7zBl5uPwbMbRVznRVbrNY6lGuDoE5b30grmbqg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "asn1.js": "^4.10.1",
+        "browserify-aes": "^1.2.0",
+        "evp_bytestokey": "^1.0.3",
+        "hash-base": "~3.0",
+        "pbkdf2": "^3.1.2",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.2.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.10"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/parse-asn1/node_modules/hash-base": {
+      "version": "3.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/hash-base/-/hash-base-3.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EeeoJKjTyt868liAlVmcv2ZsUfGHlE3Q+BICOXcZiwN3osr5Q/zFGYmTJpoIzuaSTAwndFy+GqhEwlU4L3j4Ow==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "inherits": "^2.0.1",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/parse-json": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/parse-json/-/parse-json-4.0.0.tgz",
@@ -15856,8 +16106,7 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/process-nextick-args/-/process-nextick-args-2.0.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-3ouUOpQhtgrbOa17J7+uxOTpITYWaGP7/AhoR3+A+/1e9skrzelGi/dXzEYyvbxubEF6Wn2ypscTKiKJFFn1ag==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/progress-events": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
@@ -15923,6 +16172,20 @@
         "uint8arrays": "^5.0.1"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/public-encrypt": {
+      "version": "4.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/public-encrypt/-/public-encrypt-4.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zVpa8oKZSz5bTMTFClc1fQOnyyEzpl5ozpi1B5YcvBrdohMjH2rfsBtyXcuNuwjsDIXmBYlF2N5FlJYhR29t8Q==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "bn.js": "^4.1.0",
+        "browserify-rsa": "^4.0.0",
+        "create-hash": "^1.1.0",
+        "parse-asn1": "^5.0.0",
+        "randombytes": "^2.0.1",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.1.2"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/pump": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/pump/-/pump-3.0.0.tgz",
@@ -16009,6 +16272,16 @@
         "safe-buffer": "^5.1.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/randomfill": {
+      "version": "1.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/randomfill/-/randomfill-1.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-87lcbR8+MhcWcUiQ+9e+Rwx8MyR2P7qnt15ynUlbm3TU/fjbgz4GsvfSUDTemtCCtVCqb4ZcEFlyPNTh9bBTLw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "randombytes": "^2.0.5",
+        "safe-buffer": "^5.1.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/range-parser": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/range-parser/-/range-parser-1.2.1.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e8329e6..35e52a1 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
     "blockstore-level": "^1.1.7",
     "c8": "^8.0.1",
     "cross-env": "^7.0.3",
+    "crypto-browserify": "^3.12.0",
     "fs-extra": "^11.2.0",
     "helia": "^4.0.1",
     "it-all": "^3.0.4",
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@
     "playwright-test": "^14.0.0",
     "rimraf": "^5.0.5",
     "standard": "^17.1.0",
+    "stream-browserify": "^3.0.0",
     "webpack": "^5.89.0",
     "webpack-cli": "^5.1.4"
   },