Merge branch 'master' into clipboard

.env

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-CANONICAL_HOST=127.0.0.1
-FORCE_HTTPS=0

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+public/* linguist-generated=true
+vendor/* linguist-vendored=true
+

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-.anvil
 *.pyc
+.idea
+.vscode

.godir

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-gobyexample

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+language: go
+
+go:
+  - 1.12
+
+before_install:
+  # We need Python to run pygmentize for generating HTML.
+  - sudo apt-get update
+  - sudo apt-get install python
+
+install:
+  - go get -u github.com/russross/blackfriday
+
+script:
+  - tools/build
+
+env:
+  - VERBOSE=1 TESTING=1

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 ## Contributing
 
-Go by Example is now in a steady state. We are maintaining it, but are not
+Thanks for your interest in contributing to Go by Example!
-expanding or significantly changing it any more.
 
-With that in mind here are some specific contribution guidelines:
+* When sending a PR that affects the displayed contents of the site, run
+  `tools/build` locally and include the generated HTML in the PR. If you
+  only want to submit a simple typo suggestion (for example, through the
+  Github website), feel free to send a PR anyway - we'll regenerate the
+  HTML and merge with your commit.
 
-* If you see a typo or would like to suggest another small change, editing the
+* We're open to adding more examples to the site. They should be on things
-  .go or .sh source file should be sufficient for the PR. I can rebuild the
+  used by many programmers and only require the standard library. If you're
-  HTML when I review the change.
+  interested in adding an example, _please open an issue to discuss the topic
+  first_.
 
-* We are not going to add any more sections to the site. There are many
+* We're not going to change the navigation of the site, in particular adding
-  important topics that Go by Example doesn't cover, which we leave to other
-  resources.
-
-* We are not going to change the navigation of the site, in particular adding
   a "previous section" link or an "index" link other than the on the title
   text.

README.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-## Go by Example
+# Go by Example
 
 Content and build toolchain for [Go by Example](https://gobyexample.com),
 a site that teaches Go via annotated example programs.
 
-
 ### Overview
 
 The Go by Example site is built by extracting code and
@@ -17,9 +16,10 @@ The built `public` directory can be served by any
 static content system. The production site uses S3 and
 CloudFront, for example.
 
-
 ### Building
 
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample.svg "Travis CI status")](https://travis-ci.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample)
+
 To build the site you'll need Go and Python installed. Run:
 
 ```console
@@ -34,6 +34,16 @@ To build continuously in a loop:
 $ tools/build-loop
 ```
 
+### Publishing
+
+To upload the site:
+
+```console
+$ gem install aws-sdk
+$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=...
+$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=...
+$ tools/upload
+```
 
 ### License
 
@@ -48,10 +58,13 @@ The Go Gopher is copyright [Renée French](http://reneefrench.blogspot.com/) and
 
 Contributor translations of the Go by Example site are available in:
 
-* [Chinese](http://gobyexample.everyx.in/) by [everyx](https://github.com/everyx)
+* [Chinese](https://gobyexample.xgwang.me/) by [xg-wang](https://github.com/xg-wang/gobyexample)
 * [French](http://le-go-par-l-exemple.keiruaprod.fr) by [keirua](https://github.com/keirua/gobyexample)
 * [Italian](http://gobyexample.it) by the [Go Italian community](https://github.com/golangit/gobyexample-it)
+* [Japanese](http://spinute.org/go-by-example) by [spinute](https://github.com/spinute)
+* [Korean](https://mingrammer.com/gobyexample/) by [mingrammer](https://github.com/mingrammer)
 * [Spanish](http://goconejemplos.com) by the [Go Mexico community](https://github.com/dabit/gobyexample)
+* [Ukrainian](http://gobyexample.com.ua/) by [butuzov](https://github.com/butuzov/gobyexample)
 
 ### Thanks
 

examples.txt

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ Range over Channels
 Timers
 Tickers
 Worker Pools
+WaitGroups
 Rate Limiting
 Atomic Counters
 Mutexes
@@ -56,9 +57,15 @@ Base64 Encoding
 Reading Files
 Writing Files
 Line Filters
+File Paths
+Directories
+Temporary Files and Directories
 Command-Line Arguments
 Command-Line Flags
+Command-Line Subcommands
 Environment Variables
+HTTP Clients
+HTTP Servers
 Spawning Processes
 Exec'ing Processes
 Signals

examples/arrays/arrays.go

@@ -7,36 +7,36 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Here we create an array `a` that will hold exactly
+	// Here we create an array `a` that will hold exactly
-    // 5 `int`s. The type of elements and length are both
+	// 5 `int`s. The type of elements and length are both
-    // part of the array's type. By default an array is
+	// part of the array's type. By default an array is
-    // zero-valued, which for `int`s means `0`s.
+	// zero-valued, which for `int`s means `0`s.
-    var a [5]int
+	var a [5]int
-    fmt.Println("emp:", a)
+	fmt.Println("emp:", a)
 
-    // We can set a value at an index using the
+	// We can set a value at an index using the
-    // `array[index] = value` syntax, and get a value with
+	// `array[index] = value` syntax, and get a value with
-    // `array[index]`.
+	// `array[index]`.
-    a[4] = 100
+	a[4] = 100
-    fmt.Println("set:", a)
+	fmt.Println("set:", a)
-    fmt.Println("get:", a[4])
+	fmt.Println("get:", a[4])
 
-    // The builtin `len` returns the length of an array.
+	// The builtin `len` returns the length of an array.
-    fmt.Println("len:", len(a))
+	fmt.Println("len:", len(a))
 
-    // Use this syntax to declare and initialize an array
+	// Use this syntax to declare and initialize an array
-    // in one line.
+	// in one line.
-    b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+	b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-    fmt.Println("dcl:", b)
+	fmt.Println("dcl:", b)
 
-    // Array types are one-dimensional, but you can
+	// Array types are one-dimensional, but you can
-    // compose types to build multi-dimensional data
+	// compose types to build multi-dimensional data
-    // structures.
+	// structures.
-    var twoD [2][3]int
+	var twoD [2][3]int
-    for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-        for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
+		for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
-            twoD[i][j] = i + j
+			twoD[i][j] = i + j
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
-    fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
+	fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
 }

examples/arrays/arrays.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 305975d13d24223181d13f042b290906d86c1a0e
-l-A8eBnwio
+W7NwfDq8Vdw

examples/atomic-counters/atomic-counters.go

@@ -13,37 +13,37 @@ import "sync/atomic"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // We'll use an unsigned integer to represent our
+	// We'll use an unsigned integer to represent our
-    // (always-positive) counter.
+	// (always-positive) counter.
-    var ops uint64 = 0
+	var ops uint64
 
-    // To simulate concurrent updates, we'll start 50
+	// To simulate concurrent updates, we'll start 50
-    // goroutines that each increment the counter about
+	// goroutines that each increment the counter about
-    // once a millisecond.
+	// once a millisecond.
-    for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
-        go func() {
+		go func() {
-            for {
+			for {
-                // To atomically increment the counter we
+				// To atomically increment the counter we
-                // use `AddUint64`, giving it the memory
+				// use `AddUint64`, giving it the memory
-                // address of our `ops` counter with the
+				// address of our `ops` counter with the
-                // `&` syntax.
+				// `&` syntax.
-                atomic.AddUint64(&ops, 1)
+				atomic.AddUint64(&ops, 1)
 
-                // Wait a bit between increments.
+				// Wait a bit between increments.
-                time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
-            }
+			}
-        }()
+		}()
-    }
+	}
 
-    // Wait a second to allow some ops to accumulate.
+	// Wait a second to allow some ops to accumulate.
-    time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	time.Sleep(time.Second)
 
-    // In order to safely use the counter while it's still
+	// In order to safely use the counter while it's still
-    // being updated by other goroutines, we extract a
+	// being updated by other goroutines, we extract a
-    // copy of the current value into `opsFinal` via
+	// copy of the current value into `opsFinal` via
-    // `LoadUint64`. As above we need to give this
+	// `LoadUint64`. As above we need to give this
-    // function the memory address `&ops` from which to
+	// function the memory address `&ops` from which to
-    // fetch the value.
+	// fetch the value.
-    opsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&ops)
+	opsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&ops)
-    fmt.Println("ops:", opsFinal)
+	fmt.Println("ops:", opsFinal)
 }

examples/atomic-counters/atomic-counters.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-ce8821f1f4fd99d554ad6cde52403dd3b69bb70a
+a4190094ea0405b5f2733101beb97939a1d43aee
-8p48eFFxDZ
+KDr9EMMPMgi

examples/base64-encoding/base64-encoding.go

@@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Here's the `string` we'll encode/decode.
+	// Here's the `string` we'll encode/decode.
-    data := "abc123!?$*&()'-=@~"
+	data := "abc123!?$*&()'-=@~"
 
-    // Go supports both standard and URL-compatible
+	// Go supports both standard and URL-compatible
-    // base64. Here's how to encode using the standard
+	// base64. Here's how to encode using the standard
-    // encoder. The encoder requires a `[]byte` so we
+	// encoder. The encoder requires a `[]byte` so we
-    // cast our `string` to that type.
+	// convert our `string` to that type.
-    sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
+	sEnc := b64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
-    fmt.Println(sEnc)
+	fmt.Println(sEnc)
 
-    // Decoding may return an error, which you can check
+	// Decoding may return an error, which you can check
-    // if you don't already know the input to be
+	// if you don't already know the input to be
-    // well-formed.
+	// well-formed.
-    sDec, _ := b64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(sEnc)
+	sDec, _ := b64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(sEnc)
-    fmt.Println(string(sDec))
+	fmt.Println(string(sDec))
-    fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println()
 
-    // This encodes/decodes using a URL-compatible base64
+	// This encodes/decodes using a URL-compatible base64
-    // format.
+	// format.
-    uEnc := b64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
+	uEnc := b64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(data))
-    fmt.Println(uEnc)
+	fmt.Println(uEnc)
-    uDec, _ := b64.URLEncoding.DecodeString(uEnc)
+	uDec, _ := b64.URLEncoding.DecodeString(uEnc)
-    fmt.Println(string(uDec))
+	fmt.Println(string(uDec))
 }

examples/base64-encoding/base64-encoding.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-e57f5be3a796261fb4a55cdb0580a254e14b4930
+c20da14820b656c867790f2e99bc37140babca8c
-t6rFm2x4Yr
+y_QTcqdkvZh

examples/channel-buffering/channel-buffering.go

@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Here we `make` a channel of strings buffering up to
+	// Here we `make` a channel of strings buffering up to
-    // 2 values.
+	// 2 values.
-    messages := make(chan string, 2)
+	messages := make(chan string, 2)
 
-    // Because this channel is buffered, we can send these
+	// Because this channel is buffered, we can send these
-    // values into the channel without a corresponding
+	// values into the channel without a corresponding
-    // concurrent receive.
+	// concurrent receive.
-    messages <- "buffered"
+	messages <- "buffered"
-    messages <- "channel"
+	messages <- "channel"
 
-    // Later we can receive these two values as usual.
+	// Later we can receive these two values as usual.
-    fmt.Println(<-messages)
+	fmt.Println(<-messages)
-    fmt.Println(<-messages)
+	fmt.Println(<-messages)
 }

examples/channel-buffering/channel-buffering.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 122140f7ad1bc5cff4fcd7a9e7245b87aaca3ec5
-34PVHwO6Bn
+mPoF-Xi-rip

examples/channel-directions/channel-directions.go

@@ -11,20 +11,20 @@ import "fmt"
 // values. It would be a compile-time error to try to
 // receive on this channel.
 func ping(pings chan<- string, msg string) {
-    pings <- msg
+	pings <- msg
 }
 
 // The `pong` function accepts one channel for receives
 // (`pings`) and a second for sends (`pongs`).
 func pong(pings <-chan string, pongs chan<- string) {
-    msg := <-pings
+	msg := <-pings
-    pongs <- msg
+	pongs <- msg
 }
 
 func main() {
-    pings := make(chan string, 1)
+	pings := make(chan string, 1)
-    pongs := make(chan string, 1)
+	pongs := make(chan string, 1)
-    ping(pings, "passed message")
+	ping(pings, "passed message")
-    pong(pings, pongs)
+	pong(pings, pongs)
-    fmt.Println(<-pongs)
+	fmt.Println(<-pongs)
 }

examples/channel-directions/channel-directions.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 635cc13dfe33123ac188e01e3002d3aa935d765f
-P9Fujfpa1f
+Jnn9_9hC48c

examples/channel-synchronization/channel-synchronization.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // We can use channels to synchronize execution
 // across goroutines. Here's an example of using a
 // blocking receive to wait for a goroutine to finish.
+// When waiting for multiple goroutines to finish,
+// you may prefer to use a [WaitGroup](waitgroups).
 
 package main
 
@@ -11,22 +13,22 @@ import "time"
 // `done` channel will be used to notify another
 // goroutine that this function's work is done.
 func worker(done chan bool) {
-    fmt.Print("working...")
+	fmt.Print("working...")
-    time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	time.Sleep(time.Second)
-    fmt.Println("done")
+	fmt.Println("done")
 
-    // Send a value to notify that we're done.
+	// Send a value to notify that we're done.
-    done <- true
+	done <- true
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Start a worker goroutine, giving it the channel to
+	// Start a worker goroutine, giving it the channel to
-    // notify on.
+	// notify on.
-    done := make(chan bool, 1)
+	done := make(chan bool, 1)
-    go worker(done)
+	go worker(done)
 
-    // Block until we receive a notification from the
+	// Block until we receive a notification from the
-    // worker on the channel.
+	// worker on the channel.
-    <-done
+	<-done
 }

examples/channel-synchronization/channel-synchronization.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-fe3e2ea1a67d0f95ce4cb18f3e8aa16d416de0ce
+eb022977181884c2ab0f2b69e50311769e67a509
-0DfW-1RMqi
+8lmP8beav0p

examples/channels/channels.go

@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Create a new channel with `make(chan val-type)`.
+	// Create a new channel with `make(chan val-type)`.
-    // Channels are typed by the values they convey.
+	// Channels are typed by the values they convey.
-    messages := make(chan string)
+	messages := make(chan string)
 
-    // _Send_ a value into a channel using the `channel <-`
+	// _Send_ a value into a channel using the `channel <-`
-    // syntax. Here we send `"ping"`  to the `messages`
+	// syntax. Here we send `"ping"`  to the `messages`
-    // channel we made above, from a new goroutine.
+	// channel we made above, from a new goroutine.
-    go func() { messages <- "ping" }()
+	go func() { messages <- "ping" }()
 
-    // The `<-channel` syntax _receives_ a value from the
+	// The `<-channel` syntax _receives_ a value from the
-    // channel. Here we'll receive the `"ping"` message
+	// channel. Here we'll receive the `"ping"` message
-    // we sent above and print it out.
+	// we sent above and print it out.
-    msg := <-messages
+	msg := <-messages
-    fmt.Println(msg)
+	fmt.Println(msg)
 }

examples/channels/channels.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 926212c784ab820648906c96f6ab21afbc161526
-Kd8B0T_JGK
+bRGMAqinovA

examples/closing-channels/closing-channels.go

@@ -11,40 +11,40 @@ import "fmt"
 // to a worker goroutine. When we have no more jobs for
 // the worker we'll `close` the `jobs` channel.
 func main() {
-    jobs := make(chan int, 5)
+	jobs := make(chan int, 5)
-    done := make(chan bool)
+	done := make(chan bool)
 
-    // Here's the worker goroutine. It repeatedly receives
+	// Here's the worker goroutine. It repeatedly receives
-    // from `jobs` with `j, more := <-jobs`. In this
+	// from `jobs` with `j, more := <-jobs`. In this
-    // special 2-value form of receive, the `more` value
+	// special 2-value form of receive, the `more` value
-    // will be `false` if `jobs` has been `close`d and all
+	// will be `false` if `jobs` has been `close`d and all
-    // values in the channel have already been received.
+	// values in the channel have already been received.
-    // We use this to notify on `done` when we've worked
+	// We use this to notify on `done` when we've worked
-    // all our jobs.
+	// all our jobs.
-    go func() {
+	go func() {
-        for {
+		for {
-            j, more := <-jobs
+			j, more := <-jobs
-            if more {
+			if more {
-                fmt.Println("received job", j)
+				fmt.Println("received job", j)
-            } else {
+			} else {
-                fmt.Println("received all jobs")
+				fmt.Println("received all jobs")
-                done <- true
+				done <- true
-                return
+				return
-            }
+			}
-        }
+		}
-    }()
+	}()
 
-    // This sends 3 jobs to the worker over the `jobs`
+	// This sends 3 jobs to the worker over the `jobs`
-    // channel, then closes it.
+	// channel, then closes it.
-    for j := 1; j <= 3; j++ {
+	for j := 1; j <= 3; j++ {
-        jobs <- j
+		jobs <- j
-        fmt.Println("sent job", j)
+		fmt.Println("sent job", j)
-    }
+	}
-    close(jobs)
+	close(jobs)
-    fmt.Println("sent all jobs")
+	fmt.Println("sent all jobs")
 
-    // We await the worker using the
+	// We await the worker using the
-    // [synchronization](channel-synchronization) approach
+	// [synchronization](channel-synchronization) approach
-    // we saw earlier.
+	// we saw earlier.
-    <-done
+	<-done
 }

examples/closing-channels/closing-channels.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 5205898a520533e46ea24c849848d19ebc2d08a9
-eFZ2SeKswH
+mkz69rVMHs6

examples/closures/closures.go

@@ -12,29 +12,29 @@ import "fmt"
 // returned function _closes over_ the variable `i` to
 // form a closure.
 func intSeq() func() int {
-    i := 0
+	i := 0
-    return func() int {
+	return func() int {
-        i += 1
+		i++
-        return i
+		return i
-    }
+	}
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // We call `intSeq`, assigning the result (a function)
+	// We call `intSeq`, assigning the result (a function)
-    // to `nextInt`. This function value captures its
+	// to `nextInt`. This function value captures its
-    // own `i` value, which will be updated each time
+	// own `i` value, which will be updated each time
-    // we call `nextInt`.
+	// we call `nextInt`.
-    nextInt := intSeq()
+	nextInt := intSeq()
 
-    // See the effect of the closure by calling `nextInt`
+	// See the effect of the closure by calling `nextInt`
-    // a few times.
+	// a few times.
-    fmt.Println(nextInt())
+	fmt.Println(nextInt())
-    fmt.Println(nextInt())
+	fmt.Println(nextInt())
-    fmt.Println(nextInt())
+	fmt.Println(nextInt())
 
-    // To confirm that the state is unique to that
+	// To confirm that the state is unique to that
-    // particular function, create and test a new one.
+	// particular function, create and test a new one.
-    newInts := intSeq()
+	newInts := intSeq()
-    fmt.Println(newInts())
+	fmt.Println(newInts())
 }

examples/closures/closures.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-2e062d01989caada16c4b22ff6a35cd58e4eb819
+e304df67e760dda93ffe434aca58aea4a6c94f19
-gQtEWkhWyp
+zb93qzV6iN3

examples/collection-functions/collection-functions.go

@@ -21,91 +21,91 @@ package main
 import "strings"
 import "fmt"
 
-// Returns the first index of the target string `t`, or
+// Index returns the first index of the target string `t`, or
 // -1 if no match is found.
 func Index(vs []string, t string) int {
-    for i, v := range vs {
+	for i, v := range vs {
-        if v == t {
+		if v == t {
-            return i
+			return i
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
-    return -1
+	return -1
 }
 
-// Returns `true` if the target string t is in the
+// Include returns `true` if the target string t is in the
 // slice.
 func Include(vs []string, t string) bool {
-    return Index(vs, t) >= 0
+	return Index(vs, t) >= 0
 }
 
-// Returns `true` if one of the strings in the slice
+// Any returns `true` if one of the strings in the slice
 // satisfies the predicate `f`.
 func Any(vs []string, f func(string) bool) bool {
-    for _, v := range vs {
+	for _, v := range vs {
-        if f(v) {
+		if f(v) {
-            return true
+			return true
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
-    return false
+	return false
 }
 
-// Returns `true` if all of the strings in the slice
+// All returns `true` if all of the strings in the slice
 // satisfy the predicate `f`.
 func All(vs []string, f func(string) bool) bool {
-    for _, v := range vs {
+	for _, v := range vs {
-        if !f(v) {
+		if !f(v) {
-            return false
+			return false
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
-    return true
+	return true
 }
 
-// Returns a new slice containing all strings in the
+// Filter returns a new slice containing all strings in the
 // slice that satisfy the predicate `f`.
 func Filter(vs []string, f func(string) bool) []string {
-    vsf := make([]string, 0)
+	vsf := make([]string, 0)
-    for _, v := range vs {
+	for _, v := range vs {
-        if f(v) {
+		if f(v) {
-            vsf = append(vsf, v)
+			vsf = append(vsf, v)
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
-    return vsf
+	return vsf
 }
 
-// Returns a new slice containing the results of applying
+// Map returns a new slice containing the results of applying
 // the function `f` to each string in the original slice.
 func Map(vs []string, f func(string) string) []string {
-    vsm := make([]string, len(vs))
+	vsm := make([]string, len(vs))
-    for i, v := range vs {
+	for i, v := range vs {
-        vsm[i] = f(v)
+		vsm[i] = f(v)
-    }
+	}
-    return vsm
+	return vsm
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Here we try out our various collection functions.
+	// Here we try out our various collection functions.
-    var strs = []string{"peach", "apple", "pear", "plum"}
+	var strs = []string{"peach", "apple", "pear", "plum"}
 
-    fmt.Println(Index(strs, "pear"))
+	fmt.Println(Index(strs, "pear"))
 
-    fmt.Println(Include(strs, "grape"))
+	fmt.Println(Include(strs, "grape"))
 
-    fmt.Println(Any(strs, func(v string) bool {
+	fmt.Println(Any(strs, func(v string) bool {
-        return strings.HasPrefix(v, "p")
+		return strings.HasPrefix(v, "p")
-    }))
+	}))
 
-    fmt.Println(All(strs, func(v string) bool {
+	fmt.Println(All(strs, func(v string) bool {
-        return strings.HasPrefix(v, "p")
+		return strings.HasPrefix(v, "p")
-    }))
+	}))
 
-    fmt.Println(Filter(strs, func(v string) bool {
+	fmt.Println(Filter(strs, func(v string) bool {
-        return strings.Contains(v, "e")
+		return strings.Contains(v, "e")
-    }))
+	}))
 
-    // The above examples all used anonymous functions,
+	// The above examples all used anonymous functions,
-    // but you can also use named functions of the correct
+	// but you can also use named functions of the correct
-    // type.
+	// type.
-    fmt.Println(Map(strs, strings.ToUpper))
+	fmt.Println(Map(strs, strings.ToUpper))
 
 }

examples/collection-functions/collection-functions.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-ed54b3fc0512ccace0f3d0b74975c9bcd2e7a8a2
+d961fc0e0074aed46cfd1516efdadea78781af56
-3PNdke3Wia
+BJB_npWH516

examples/command-line-arguments/command-line-arguments.go

@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // `os.Args` provides access to raw command-line
+	// `os.Args` provides access to raw command-line
-    // arguments. Note that the first value in this slice
+	// arguments. Note that the first value in this slice
-    // is the path to the program, and `os.Args[1:]`
+	// is the path to the program, and `os.Args[1:]`
-    // holds the arguments to the program.
+	// holds the arguments to the program.
-    argsWithProg := os.Args
+	argsWithProg := os.Args
-    argsWithoutProg := os.Args[1:]
+	argsWithoutProg := os.Args[1:]
 
-    // You can get individual args with normal indexing.
+	// You can get individual args with normal indexing.
-    arg := os.Args[3]
+	arg := os.Args[3]
 
-    fmt.Println(argsWithProg)
+	fmt.Println(argsWithProg)
-    fmt.Println(argsWithoutProg)
+	fmt.Println(argsWithoutProg)
-    fmt.Println(arg)
+	fmt.Println(arg)
 }

examples/command-line-arguments/command-line-arguments.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 41c970a1ef29ad2a05307e6c783ff52ab80eaccd
-44uyYt_TRl
+6pFdjf800jj

examples/command-line-flags/command-line-flags.go

@@ -13,37 +13,37 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Basic flag declarations are available for string,
+	// Basic flag declarations are available for string,
-    // integer, and boolean options. Here we declare a
+	// integer, and boolean options. Here we declare a
-    // string flag `word` with a default value `"foo"`
+	// string flag `word` with a default value `"foo"`
-    // and a short description. This `flag.String` function
+	// and a short description. This `flag.String` function
-    // returns a string pointer (not a string value);
+	// returns a string pointer (not a string value);
-    // we'll see how to use this pointer below.
+	// we'll see how to use this pointer below.
-    wordPtr := flag.String("word", "foo", "a string")
+	wordPtr := flag.String("word", "foo", "a string")
 
-    // This declares `numb` and `fork` flags, using a
+	// This declares `numb` and `fork` flags, using a
-    // similar approach to the `word` flag.
+	// similar approach to the `word` flag.
-    numbPtr := flag.Int("numb", 42, "an int")
+	numbPtr := flag.Int("numb", 42, "an int")
-    boolPtr := flag.Bool("fork", false, "a bool")
+	boolPtr := flag.Bool("fork", false, "a bool")
 
-    // It's also possible to declare an option that uses an
+	// It's also possible to declare an option that uses an
-    // existing var declared elsewhere in the program.
+	// existing var declared elsewhere in the program.
-    // Note that we need to pass in a pointer to the flag
+	// Note that we need to pass in a pointer to the flag
-    // declaration function.
+	// declaration function.
-    var svar string
+	var svar string
-    flag.StringVar(&svar, "svar", "bar", "a string var")
+	flag.StringVar(&svar, "svar", "bar", "a string var")
 
-    // Once all flags are declared, call `flag.Parse()`
+	// Once all flags are declared, call `flag.Parse()`
-    // to execute the command-line parsing.
+	// to execute the command-line parsing.
-    flag.Parse()
+	flag.Parse()
 
-    // Here we'll just dump out the parsed options and
+	// Here we'll just dump out the parsed options and
-    // any trailing positional arguments. Note that we
+	// any trailing positional arguments. Note that we
-    // need to dereference the pointers with e.g. `*wordPtr`
+	// need to dereference the pointers with e.g. `*wordPtr`
-    // to get the actual option values.
+	// to get the actual option values.
-    fmt.Println("word:", *wordPtr)
+	fmt.Println("word:", *wordPtr)
-    fmt.Println("numb:", *numbPtr)
+	fmt.Println("numb:", *numbPtr)
-    fmt.Println("fork:", *boolPtr)
+	fmt.Println("fork:", *boolPtr)
-    fmt.Println("svar:", svar)
+	fmt.Println("svar:", svar)
-    fmt.Println("tail:", flag.Args())
+	fmt.Println("tail:", flag.Args())
 }

examples/command-line-flags/command-line-flags.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 e2ba0461c090789168c712cc7ed0f66aab09a8c8
-NASEOq2R3n
+klFR5DitrCy

examples/command-line-flags/command-line-flags.sh

@@ -54,6 +54,3 @@ $ ./command-line-flags -wat
 flag provided but not defined: -wat
 Usage of ./command-line-flags:
 ...
-
-# Next we'll look at environment variables, another common
-# way to parameterize programs.

examples/command-line-subcommands/command-line-subcommands.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Some command-line tools, like the `go` tool or `git`
+// have many *subcommands*, each with its own set of
+// flags. For example, `go build` and `go get` are two
+// different subcommands of the `go` tool.
+// The `flag` package lets us easily define simple
+// subcommands that have their own flags.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func main() {
+
+	// We declare a subcommand using the `NewFlagSet`
+	// function, and proceed to define new flags specific
+	// for this subcommand.
+	fooCmd := flag.NewFlagSet("foo", flag.ExitOnError)
+	fooEnable := fooCmd.Bool("enable", false, "enable")
+	fooName := fooCmd.String("name", "", "name")
+
+	// For a different subcommand we can define different
+	// supported flags.
+	barCmd := flag.NewFlagSet("bar", flag.ExitOnError)
+	barLevel := barCmd.Int("level", 0, "level")
+
+	// The subcommand is expected as the first argument
+	// to the program.
+	if len(os.Args) < 2 {
+		fmt.Println("expected 'foo' or 'bar' subcommands")
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// Check which subcommand is invoked.
+	switch os.Args[1] {
+
+	// For every subcommand, we parse its own flags and
+	// have access to trailing positional arguments.
+	case "foo":
+		fooCmd.Parse(os.Args[2:])
+		fmt.Println("subcommand 'foo'")
+		fmt.Println("  enable:", *fooEnable)
+		fmt.Println("  name:", *fooName)
+		fmt.Println("  tail:", fooCmd.Args())
+	case "bar":
+		barCmd.Parse(os.Args[2:])
+		fmt.Println("subcommand 'bar'")
+		fmt.Println("  level:", *barLevel)
+		fmt.Println("  tail:", barCmd.Args())
+	default:
+		fmt.Println("expected 'foo' or 'bar' subcommands")
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}

examples/command-line-subcommands/command-line-subcommands.hash

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+5a0ec258e4992e9b93b11d48f2f249092ff3db66
+gtgSAg76N4I

examples/command-line-subcommands/command-line-subcommands.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+$ go build command-line-subcommands.go 
+
+# First invoke the foo subcommand.
+$ ./command-line-subcommands foo -enable -name=joe a1 a2
+subcommand 'foo'
+  enable: true
+  name: joe
+  tail: [a1 a2]
+
+# Now try bar.
+$ ./command-line-subcommands bar -level 8 a1
+subcommand 'bar'
+  level: 8
+  tail: [a1]
+
+# But bar won't accept foo's flags.
+$ ./command-line-subcommands bar -enable a1
+flag provided but not defined: -enable
+Usage of bar:
+  -level int
+    	level
+
+# Next we'll look at environment variables, another common
+# way to parameterize programs.

examples/constants/constants.go

@@ -10,24 +10,24 @@ import "math"
 const s string = "constant"
 
 func main() {
-    fmt.Println(s)
+	fmt.Println(s)
 
-    // A `const` statement can appear anywhere a `var`
+	// A `const` statement can appear anywhere a `var`
-    // statement can.
+	// statement can.
-    const n = 500000000
+	const n = 500000000
 
-    // Constant expressions perform arithmetic with
+	// Constant expressions perform arithmetic with
-    // arbitrary precision.
+	// arbitrary precision.
-    const d = 3e20 / n
+	const d = 3e20 / n
-    fmt.Println(d)
+	fmt.Println(d)
 
-    // A numeric constant has no type until it's given
+	// A numeric constant has no type until it's given
-    // one, such as by an explicit cast.
+	// one, such as by an explicit conversion.
-    fmt.Println(int64(d))
+	fmt.Println(int64(d))
 
-    // A number can be given a type by using it in a
+	// A number can be given a type by using it in a
-    // context that requires one, such as a variable
+	// context that requires one, such as a variable
-    // assignment or function call. For example, here
+	// assignment or function call. For example, here
-    // `math.Sin` expects a `float64`.
+	// `math.Sin` expects a `float64`.
-    fmt.Println(math.Sin(n))
+	fmt.Println(math.Sin(n))
 }

examples/constants/constants.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-3de4f16f1ed032378268411b2173b95e8000305d
+2f2ec3a5ff4eef280199da1908eed261346fb40e
-T5sj0eINnp
+VhP0f8moZd3

examples/defer/defer.go

@@ -13,32 +13,38 @@ import "os"
 // do that with `defer`.
 func main() {
 
-    // Immediately after getting a file object with
+	// Immediately after getting a file object with
-    // `createFile`, we defer the closing of that file
+	// `createFile`, we defer the closing of that file
-    // with `closeFile`. This will be executed at the end
+	// with `closeFile`. This will be executed at the end
-    // of the enclosing function (`main`), after
+	// of the enclosing function (`main`), after
-    // `writeFile` has finished.
+	// `writeFile` has finished.
-    f := createFile("/tmp/defer.txt")
+	f := createFile("/tmp/defer.txt")
-    defer closeFile(f)
+	defer closeFile(f)
-    writeFile(f)
+	writeFile(f)
 }
 
 func createFile(p string) *os.File {
-    fmt.Println("creating")
+	fmt.Println("creating")
-    f, err := os.Create(p)
+	f, err := os.Create(p)
-    if err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-        panic(err)
+		panic(err)
-    }
+	}
-    return f
+	return f
 }
 
 func writeFile(f *os.File) {
-    fmt.Println("writing")
+	fmt.Println("writing")
-    fmt.Fprintln(f, "data")
+	fmt.Fprintln(f, "data")
 
 }
 
 func closeFile(f *os.File) {
-    fmt.Println("closing")
+	fmt.Println("closing")
-    f.Close()
+	err := f.Close()
+	// It's important to check for errors when closing a
+	// file, even in a deferred function.
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
 }

examples/defer/defer.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-570699fc50a1d39e9d0ad6a4461aef3248b080e1
+fadbe9c05bb42db672316ba19adf3c2189c7b3f5
-9aoHwzHcAo
+OrCaBiCrTKq

examples/directories/directories.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Go has several useful functions for working with
+// *directories* in the file system.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+func check(e error) {
+	if e != nil {
+		panic(e)
+	}
+}
+
+func main() {
+
+	// Create a new sub-directory in the current working
+	// directory.
+	err := os.Mkdir("subdir", 0755)
+	check(err)
+
+	// When creating temporary directories, it's good
+	// practice to `defer` their removal. `os.RemoveAll`
+	// will delete a whole directory tree (similarly to
+	// `rm -rf`).
+	defer os.RemoveAll("subdir")
+
+	// Helper function to create a new empty file.
+	createEmptyFile := func(name string) {
+		d := []byte("")
+		check(ioutil.WriteFile(name, d, 0644))
+	}
+
+	createEmptyFile("subdir/file1")
+
+	// We can create a hierarchy of directories, including
+	// parents with `MkdirAll`. This is similar to the
+	// command-line `mkdir -p`.
+	err = os.MkdirAll("subdir/parent/child", 0755)
+	check(err)
+
+	createEmptyFile("subdir/parent/file2")
+	createEmptyFile("subdir/parent/file3")
+	createEmptyFile("subdir/parent/child/file4")
+
+	// `ReadDir` lists directory contents, returning a
+	// slice of `os.FileInfo` objects.
+	c, err := ioutil.ReadDir("subdir/parent")
+	check(err)
+
+	fmt.Println("Listing subdir/parent")
+	for _, entry := range c {
+		fmt.Println(" ", entry.Name(), entry.IsDir())
+	}
+
+	// `Chdir` lets us change the current working directory,
+	// similarly to `cd`.
+	err = os.Chdir("subdir/parent/child")
+	check(err)
+
+	// Now we'll see the contents of `subdir/parent/child`
+	// when listing the *current* directory.
+	c, err = ioutil.ReadDir(".")
+	check(err)
+
+	fmt.Println("Listing subdir/parent/child")
+	for _, entry := range c {
+		fmt.Println(" ", entry.Name(), entry.IsDir())
+	}
+
+	// `cd` back to where we started.
+	err = os.Chdir("../../..")
+	check(err)
+
+	// We can also visit a directory *recursively*,
+	// including all its sub-directories. `Walk` accepts
+	// a callback function to handle every file or
+	// directory visited.
+	fmt.Println("Visiting subdir")
+	err = filepath.Walk("subdir", visit)
+}
+
+// `visit` is called for every file or directory found
+// recursively by `filepath.Walk`.
+func visit(p string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Println(" ", p, info.IsDir())
+	return nil
+}

examples/directories/directories.hash

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+83f67db91816b4544072d0a4d099111a21c60723
+-7kWq0PmATF

examples/directories/directories.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+$ go run directories.go
+Listing subdir/parent
+  child true
+  file2 false
+  file3 false
+Listing subdir/parent/child
+  file4 false
+Visiting subdir
+  subdir true
+  subdir/file1 false
+  subdir/parent true
+  subdir/parent/child true
+  subdir/parent/child/file4 false
+  subdir/parent/file2 false
+  subdir/parent/file3 false

examples/environment-variables/environment-variables.go

@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // To set a key/value pair, use `os.Setenv`. To get a
+	// To set a key/value pair, use `os.Setenv`. To get a
-    // value for a key, use `os.Getenv`. This will return
+	// value for a key, use `os.Getenv`. This will return
-    // an empty string if the key isn't present in the
+	// an empty string if the key isn't present in the
-    // environment.
+	// environment.
-    os.Setenv("FOO", "1")
+	os.Setenv("FOO", "1")
-    fmt.Println("FOO:", os.Getenv("FOO"))
+	fmt.Println("FOO:", os.Getenv("FOO"))
-    fmt.Println("BAR:", os.Getenv("BAR"))
+	fmt.Println("BAR:", os.Getenv("BAR"))
 
-    // Use `os.Environ` to list all key/value pairs in the
+	// Use `os.Environ` to list all key/value pairs in the
-    // environment. This returns a slice of strings in the
+	// environment. This returns a slice of strings in the
-    // form `KEY=value`. You can `strings.Split` them to
+	// form `KEY=value`. You can `strings.Split` them to
-    // get the key and value. Here we print all the keys.
+	// get the key and value. Here we print all the keys.
-    fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println()
-    for _, e := range os.Environ() {
+	for _, e := range os.Environ() {
-        pair := strings.Split(e, "=")
+		pair := strings.Split(e, "=")
-        fmt.Println(pair[0])
+		fmt.Println(pair[0])
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/environment-variables/environment-variables.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 4d0832c5a1ddd4e95474791e8802c15452358214
-kfqLhpmEpw
+CZJ4R_uu6Uu

examples/epoch/epoch.go

@@ -10,24 +10,24 @@ import "time"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Use `time.Now` with `Unix` or `UnixNano` to get
+	// Use `time.Now` with `Unix` or `UnixNano` to get
-    // elapsed time since the Unix epoch in seconds or
+	// elapsed time since the Unix epoch in seconds or
-    // nanoseconds, respectively.
+	// nanoseconds, respectively.
-    now := time.Now()
+	now := time.Now()
-    secs := now.Unix()
+	secs := now.Unix()
-    nanos := now.UnixNano()
+	nanos := now.UnixNano()
-    fmt.Println(now)
+	fmt.Println(now)
 
-    // Note that there is no `UnixMillis`, so to get the
+	// Note that there is no `UnixMillis`, so to get the
-    // milliseconds since epoch you'll need to manually
+	// milliseconds since epoch you'll need to manually
-    // divide from nanoseconds.
+	// divide from nanoseconds.
-    millis := nanos / 1000000
+	millis := nanos / 1000000
-    fmt.Println(secs)
+	fmt.Println(secs)
-    fmt.Println(millis)
+	fmt.Println(millis)
-    fmt.Println(nanos)
+	fmt.Println(nanos)
 
-    // You can also convert integer seconds or nanoseconds
+	// You can also convert integer seconds or nanoseconds
-    // since the epoch into the corresponding `time`.
+	// since the epoch into the corresponding `time`.
-    fmt.Println(time.Unix(secs, 0))
+	fmt.Println(time.Unix(secs, 0))
-    fmt.Println(time.Unix(0, nanos))
+	fmt.Println(time.Unix(0, nanos))
 }

examples/epoch/epoch.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 61a498229c8878a97d729cfdd215e5f3960f87ac
-GP_zEjhlWk
+eN1Qv2ATB-C

examples/errors/errors.go

@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ import "fmt"
 // By convention, errors are the last return value and
 // have type `error`, a built-in interface.
 func f1(arg int) (int, error) {
-    if arg == 42 {
+	if arg == 42 {
 
-        // `errors.New` constructs a basic `error` value
+		// `errors.New` constructs a basic `error` value
-        // with the given error message.
+		// with the given error message.
-        return -1, errors.New("can't work with 42")
+		return -1, errors.New("can't work with 42")
 
-    }
+	}
 
-    // A nil value in the error position indicates that
+	// A `nil` value in the error position indicates that
-    // there was no error.
+	// there was no error.
-    return arg + 3, nil
+	return arg + 3, nil
 }
 
 // It's possible to use custom types as `error`s by
@@ -33,53 +33,53 @@ func f1(arg int) (int, error) {
 // variant on the example above that uses a custom type
 // to explicitly represent an argument error.
 type argError struct {
-    arg  int
+	arg  int
-    prob string
+	prob string
 }
 
 func (e *argError) Error() string {
-    return fmt.Sprintf("%d - %s", e.arg, e.prob)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d - %s", e.arg, e.prob)
 }
 
 func f2(arg int) (int, error) {
-    if arg == 42 {
+	if arg == 42 {
 
-        // In this case we use `&argError` syntax to build
+		// In this case we use `&argError` syntax to build
-        // a new struct, supplying values for the two
+		// a new struct, supplying values for the two
-        // fields `arg` and `prob`.
+		// fields `arg` and `prob`.
-        return -1, &argError{arg, "can't work with it"}
+		return -1, &argError{arg, "can't work with it"}
-    }
+	}
-    return arg + 3, nil
+	return arg + 3, nil
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // The two loops below test out each of our
+	// The two loops below test out each of our
-    // error-returning functions. Note that the use of an
+	// error-returning functions. Note that the use of an
-    // inline error check on the `if` line is a common
+	// inline error check on the `if` line is a common
-    // idiom in Go code.
+	// idiom in Go code.
-    for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
+	for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
-        if r, e := f1(i); e != nil {
+		if r, e := f1(i); e != nil {
-            fmt.Println("f1 failed:", e)
+			fmt.Println("f1 failed:", e)
-        } else {
+		} else {
-            fmt.Println("f1 worked:", r)
+			fmt.Println("f1 worked:", r)
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
-    for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
+	for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
-        if r, e := f2(i); e != nil {
+		if r, e := f2(i); e != nil {
-            fmt.Println("f2 failed:", e)
+			fmt.Println("f2 failed:", e)
-        } else {
+		} else {
-            fmt.Println("f2 worked:", r)
+			fmt.Println("f2 worked:", r)
-        }
+		}
-    }
+	}
 
-    // If you want to programmatically use the data in
+	// If you want to programmatically use the data in
-    // a custom error, you'll need to get the error  as an
+	// a custom error, you'll need to get the error as an
-    // instance of the custom error type via type
+	// instance of the custom error type via type
-    // assertion.
+	// assertion.
-    _, e := f2(42)
+	_, e := f2(42)
-    if ae, ok := e.(*argError); ok {
+	if ae, ok := e.(*argError); ok {
-        fmt.Println(ae.arg)
+		fmt.Println(ae.arg)
-        fmt.Println(ae.prob)
+		fmt.Println(ae.prob)
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/errors/errors.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-07cffb3d4e37162ab7e9e0a192561ddc8042b81a
+210ba0f8196006c0380acaec01655816848ef168
-BmDQXkPPTk
+mP_ZR1qjUvA

examples/execing-processes/execing-processes.go

@@ -16,33 +16,33 @@ import "os/exec"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // For our example we'll exec `ls`. Go requires an
+	// For our example we'll exec `ls`. Go requires an
-    // absolute path to the binary we want to execute, so
+	// absolute path to the binary we want to execute, so
-    // we'll use `exec.LookPath` to find it (probably
+	// we'll use `exec.LookPath` to find it (probably
-    // `/bin/ls`).
+	// `/bin/ls`).
-    binary, lookErr := exec.LookPath("ls")
+	binary, lookErr := exec.LookPath("ls")
-    if lookErr != nil {
+	if lookErr != nil {
-        panic(lookErr)
+		panic(lookErr)
-    }
+	}
 
-    // `Exec` requires arguments in slice form (as
+	// `Exec` requires arguments in slice form (as
-    // apposed to one big string). We'll give `ls` a few
+	// apposed to one big string). We'll give `ls` a few
-    // common arguments. Note that the first argument should
+	// common arguments. Note that the first argument should
-    // be the program name.
+	// be the program name.
-    args := []string{"ls", "-a", "-l", "-h"}
+	args := []string{"ls", "-a", "-l", "-h"}
 
-    // `Exec` also needs a set of [environment variables](environment-variables)
+	// `Exec` also needs a set of [environment variables](environment-variables)
-    // to use. Here we just provide our current
+	// to use. Here we just provide our current
-    // environment.
+	// environment.
-    env := os.Environ()
+	env := os.Environ()
 
-    // Here's the actual `syscall.Exec` call. If this call is
+	// Here's the actual `syscall.Exec` call. If this call is
-    // successful, the execution of our process will end
+	// successful, the execution of our process will end
-    // here and be replaced by the `/bin/ls -a -l -h`
+	// here and be replaced by the `/bin/ls -a -l -h`
-    // process. If there is an error we'll get a return
+	// process. If there is an error we'll get a return
-    // value.
+	// value.
-    execErr := syscall.Exec(binary, args, env)
+	execErr := syscall.Exec(binary, args, env)
-    if execErr != nil {
+	if execErr != nil {
-        panic(execErr)
+		panic(execErr)
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/execing-processes/execing-processes.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 b527bbb76a42dd4bae541b73a7377b7e83e79905
-neqdJ51KLN
+bf11ADw-2Ho

examples/exit/exit.go

@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ import "os"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // `defer`s will _not_ be run when using `os.Exit`, so
+	// `defer`s will _not_ be run when using `os.Exit`, so
-    // this `fmt.Println` will never be called.
+	// this `fmt.Println` will never be called.
-    defer fmt.Println("!")
+	defer fmt.Println("!")
 
-    // Exit with status 3.
+	// Exit with status 3.
-    os.Exit(3)
+	os.Exit(3)
 }
 
 // Note that unlike e.g. C, Go does not use an integer

examples/exit/exit.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 dc0bb3eaafa045d6aa05e88aff39322a1ccf822e
-CDiAh9SXRM
+vDaM0-MGJ_k

examples/file-paths/file-paths.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// The `filepath` package provides functions to parse
+// and construct *file paths* in a way that is portable
+// between operating systems; `dir/file` on Linux vs.
+// `dir\file` on Windows, for example.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+
+	// `Join` should be used to construct paths in a
+	// portable way. It takes any number of arguments
+	// and constructs a hierarchical path from them.
+	p := filepath.Join("dir1", "dir2", "filename")
+	fmt.Println("p:", p)
+
+	// You should always use `Join` instead of
+	// concatenating `/`s or `\`s manually. In addition
+	// to providing portability, `Join` will also
+	// normalize paths by removing superfluous separators
+	// and directory changes.
+	fmt.Println(filepath.Join("dir1//", "filename"))
+	fmt.Println(filepath.Join("dir1/../dir1", "filename"))
+
+	// `Dir` and `Base` can be used to split a path to the
+	// directory and the file. Alternatively, `Split` will
+	// return both in the same call.
+	fmt.Println("Dir(p):", filepath.Dir(p))
+	fmt.Println("Base(p):", filepath.Base(p))
+
+	// We can check whether a path is absolute.
+	fmt.Println(filepath.IsAbs("dir/file"))
+	fmt.Println(filepath.IsAbs("/dir/file"))
+
+	filename := "config.json"
+
+	// Some file names have extensions following a dot. We
+	// can split the extension out of such names with `Ext`.
+	ext := filepath.Ext(filename)
+	fmt.Println(ext)
+
+	// To find the file's name with the extension removed,
+	// use `strings.TrimSuffix`.
+	fmt.Println(strings.TrimSuffix(filename, ext))
+
+	// `Rel` finds a relative path between a *base* and a
+	// *target*. It returns an error if the target cannot
+	// be made relative to base.
+	rel, err := filepath.Rel("a/b", "a/b/t/file")
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	fmt.Println(rel)
+
+	rel, err = filepath.Rel("a/b", "a/c/t/file")
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	fmt.Println(rel)
+}

examples/file-paths/file-paths.hash

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+1215302b9e59ee9dee21dcd3c47d5f6c672fb058
+QIitbMNiFRx

examples/file-paths/file-paths.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+$ go run file-paths.go
+p: dir1/dir2/filename
+dir1/filename
+dir1/filename
+Dir(p): dir1/dir2
+Base(p): filename
+false
+true
+.json
+config
+t/file
+../c/t/file

examples/for/for.go

@@ -7,32 +7,32 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // The most basic type, with a single condition.
+	// The most basic type, with a single condition.
-    i := 1
+	i := 1
-    for i <= 3 {
+	for i <= 3 {
-        fmt.Println(i)
+		fmt.Println(i)
-        i = i + 1
+		i = i + 1
-    }
+	}
 
-    // A classic initial/condition/after `for` loop.
+	// A classic initial/condition/after `for` loop.
-    for j := 7; j <= 9; j++ {
+	for j := 7; j <= 9; j++ {
-        fmt.Println(j)
+		fmt.Println(j)
-    }
+	}
 
-    // `for` without a condition will loop repeatedly
+	// `for` without a condition will loop repeatedly
-    // until you `break` out of the loop or `return` from
+	// until you `break` out of the loop or `return` from
-    // the enclosing function.
+	// the enclosing function.
-    for {
+	for {
-        fmt.Println("loop")
+		fmt.Println("loop")
-        break
+		break
-    }
+	}
 
-    // You can also `continue` to the next iteration of
+	// You can also `continue` to the next iteration of
-    // the loop.
+	// the loop.
-    for n := 0; n <= 5; n++ {
+	for n := 0; n <= 5; n++ {
-        if n%2 == 0 {
+		if n%2 == 0 {
-            continue
+			continue
-        }
+		}
-        fmt.Println(n)
+		fmt.Println(n)
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/for/for.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 33056d6b36f9894fb6359c9cf2ef8725bbdafa19
-KNLLSX4Io_
+lGYfUJwiGfi

examples/functions/functions.go

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import "fmt"
 // their sum as an `int`.
 func plus(a int, b int) int {
 
-    // Go requires explicit returns, i.e. it won't
+	// Go requires explicit returns, i.e. it won't
-    // automatically return the value of the last
+	// automatically return the value of the last
-    // expression.
+	// expression.
-    return a + b
+	return a + b
 }
 
 // When you have multiple consecutive parameters of
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ func plus(a int, b int) int {
 // like-typed parameters up to the final parameter that
 // declares the type.
 func plusPlus(a, b, c int) int {
-    return a + b + c
+	return a + b + c
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Call a function just as you'd expect, with
+	// Call a function just as you'd expect, with
-    // `name(args)`.
+	// `name(args)`.
-    res := plus(1, 2)
+	res := plus(1, 2)
-    fmt.Println("1+2 =", res)
+	fmt.Println("1+2 =", res)
 
-    res = plusPlus(1, 2, 3)
+	res = plusPlus(1, 2, 3)
-    fmt.Println("1+2+3 =", res)
+	fmt.Println("1+2+3 =", res)
 }

examples/functions/functions.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 ae669923c20e5ebf4a7b4b11b8fdf2972accf9e2
-9Nky-Dn49f
+hzGUvK6iJNm

examples/goroutines/goroutines.go

@@ -5,34 +5,33 @@ package main
 import "fmt"
 
 func f(from string) {
-    for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
-        fmt.Println(from, ":", i)
+		fmt.Println(from, ":", i)
-    }
+	}
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Suppose we have a function call `f(s)`. Here's how
+	// Suppose we have a function call `f(s)`. Here's how
-    // we'd call that in the usual way, running it
+	// we'd call that in the usual way, running it
-    // synchronously.
+	// synchronously.
-    f("direct")
+	f("direct")
 
-    // To invoke this function in a goroutine, use
+	// To invoke this function in a goroutine, use
-    // `go f(s)`. This new goroutine will execute
+	// `go f(s)`. This new goroutine will execute
-    // concurrently with the calling one.
+	// concurrently with the calling one.
-    go f("goroutine")
+	go f("goroutine")
 
-    // You can also start a goroutine for an anonymous
+	// You can also start a goroutine for an anonymous
-    // function call.
+	// function call.
-    go func(msg string) {
+	go func(msg string) {
-        fmt.Println(msg)
+		fmt.Println(msg)
-    }("going")
+	}("going")
 
-    // Our two function calls are running asynchronously in
+	// Our two function calls are running asynchronously in
-    // separate goroutines now, so execution falls through
+	// separate goroutines now, so execution falls through
-    // to here. This `Scanln` code requires we press a key
+	// to here. This `Scanln` requires we press a key
-    // before the program exits.
+	// before the program exits.
-    var input string
+	fmt.Scanln()
-    fmt.Scanln(&input)
+	fmt.Println("done")
-    fmt.Println("done")
 }

examples/goroutines/goroutines.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-a847131d7f112172f9d5509fd3cf31aefb6d710e
+bfdaa0c8104c1257e6fea102fd26d476a3e8c14e
-RW_RSAHfj-
+6Y8t3Yxd1LD

examples/goroutines/goroutines.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # When we run this program, we see the output of the
 # blocking call first, then the interleaved output of the
-# two gouroutines. This interleaving reflects the
+# two goroutines. This interleaving reflects the
 # goroutines being run concurrently by the Go runtime.
 $ go run goroutines.go
 direct : 0

examples/hello-world/hello-world.go

@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ package main
 import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
-    fmt.Println("hello world")
+	fmt.Println("hello world")
 }

examples/hello-world/hello-world.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 c98395a44701add5bf84e2f3a63e300fc1bc4bfe
-2C7wwJ6nxG
+mp1ENMU6ZYu

examples/http-clients/http-clients.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// The Go standard library comes with excellent support
+// for HTTP clients and servers in the `net/http`
+// package. In this example we'll use it to issue simple
+// HTTP requests.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+func main() {
+
+	// Issue an HTTP GET request to a server. `http.Get` is a
+	// convenient shortcut around creating an `http.Client`
+	// object and calling its `Get` method; it uses the
+	// `http.DefaultClient` object which has useful default
+	// settings.
+	resp, err := http.Get("http://gobyexample.com")
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	// Print the HTTP response status.
+	fmt.Println("Response status:", resp.Status)
+
+	// Print the first 5 lines of the response body.
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	for i := 0; scanner.Scan() && i < 5; i++ {
+		fmt.Println(scanner.Text())
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}

examples/http-clients/http-clients.hash

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ec8fd69aa19e54a7ea05d2a911f09d3a98f0396c
+VxYIifr_UuH

examples/http-clients/http-clients.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+$ go run http-clients.go
+Response status: 200 OK
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>Go by Example</title>

examples/http-servers/http-servers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Writing a basic HTTP server is easy using the
+// `net/http` package.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+// A fundamental concept in `net/http` servers is
+// *handlers*. A handler is an object implementing the
+// `http.Handler` interface. A common way to write
+// a handler is by using the `http.HandlerFunc` adapter
+// on functions with the appropriate signature.
+func hello(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+
+	// Functions serving as handlers take a
+	// `http.ResponseWriter` and a `http.Request` as
+	// arguments. The response writer is used to fill in the
+	// HTTP response. Here our simple response is just
+	// "hello\n".
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello\n")
+}
+
+func headers(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+
+	// This handler does something a little more
+	// sophisticated by reading all the HTTP request
+	// headers and echoing them into the response body.
+	for name, headers := range req.Header {
+		for _, h := range headers {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%v: %v\n", name, h)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func main() {
+
+	// We register our handlers on server routes using the
+	// `http.HandleFunc` convenience function. It sets up
+	// the *default router* in the `net/http` package and
+	// takes a function as an argument.
+	http.HandleFunc("/hello", hello)
+	http.HandleFunc("/headers", headers)
+
+	// Finally, we call the `ListenAndServe` with the port
+	// and a handler. `nil` tells it to use the default
+	// router we've just set up.
+	http.ListenAndServe(":8090", nil)
+}

examples/http-servers/http-servers.hash

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+a4e8d30b7a6f3a6abd96b916d81ce5930bad94f9
+lNuS9ysZmxH

examples/http-servers/http-servers.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Run the server in the background.
+$ go run http-servers.go &
+
+# Access the `/hello` route.
+$ curl localhost:8090/hello
+hello

examples/if-else/if-else.go

@@ -7,28 +7,28 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Here's a basic example.
+	// Here's a basic example.
-    if 7%2 == 0 {
+	if 7%2 == 0 {
-        fmt.Println("7 is even")
+		fmt.Println("7 is even")
-    } else {
+	} else {
-        fmt.Println("7 is odd")
+		fmt.Println("7 is odd")
-    }
+	}
 
-    // You can have an `if` statement without an else.
+	// You can have an `if` statement without an else.
-    if 8%4 == 0 {
+	if 8%4 == 0 {
-        fmt.Println("8 is divisible by 4")
+		fmt.Println("8 is divisible by 4")
-    }
+	}
 
-    // A statement can precede conditionals; any variables
+	// A statement can precede conditionals; any variables
-    // declared in this statement are available in all
+	// declared in this statement are available in all
-    // branches.
+	// branches.
-    if num := 9; num < 0 {
+	if num := 9; num < 0 {
-        fmt.Println(num, "is negative")
+		fmt.Println(num, "is negative")
-    } else if num < 10 {
+	} else if num < 10 {
-        fmt.Println(num, "has 1 digit")
+		fmt.Println(num, "has 1 digit")
-    } else {
+	} else {
-        fmt.Println(num, "has multiple digits")
+		fmt.Println(num, "has multiple digits")
-    }
+	}
 }
 
 // Note that you don't need parentheses around conditions

examples/if-else/if-else.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 89b78f3378e1a574ddfd0260a0404a962852eff8
-g-aqMz0Ivf
+p6-WKTqEks4

examples/interfaces/interfaces.go

@@ -8,35 +8,35 @@ import "math"
 
 // Here's a basic interface for geometric shapes.
 type geometry interface {
-    area() float64
+	area() float64
-    perim() float64
+	perim() float64
 }
 
 // For our example we'll implement this interface on
 // `rect` and `circle` types.
 type rect struct {
-    width, height float64
+	width, height float64
 }
 type circle struct {
-    radius float64
+	radius float64
 }
 
 // To implement an interface in Go, we just need to
 // implement all the methods in the interface. Here we
 // implement `geometry` on `rect`s.
 func (r rect) area() float64 {
-    return r.width * r.height
+	return r.width * r.height
 }
 func (r rect) perim() float64 {
-    return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
+	return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
 }
 
 // The implementation for `circle`s.
 func (c circle) area() float64 {
-    return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius
+	return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius
 }
 func (c circle) perim() float64 {
-    return 2 * math.Pi * c.radius
+	return 2 * math.Pi * c.radius
 }
 
 // If a variable has an interface type, then we can call
@@ -44,19 +44,19 @@ func (c circle) perim() float64 {
 // generic `measure` function taking advantage of this
 // to work on any `geometry`.
 func measure(g geometry) {
-    fmt.Println(g)
+	fmt.Println(g)
-    fmt.Println(g.area())
+	fmt.Println(g.area())
-    fmt.Println(g.perim())
+	fmt.Println(g.perim())
 }
 
 func main() {
-    r := rect{width: 3, height: 4}
+	r := rect{width: 3, height: 4}
-    c := circle{radius: 5}
+	c := circle{radius: 5}
 
-    // The `circle` and `rect` struct types both
+	// The `circle` and `rect` struct types both
-    // implement the `geometry` interface so we can use
+	// implement the `geometry` interface so we can use
-    // instances of
+	// instances of
-    // these structs as arguments to `measure`.
+	// these structs as arguments to `measure`.
-    measure(r)
+	measure(r)
-    measure(c)
+	measure(c)
 }

examples/interfaces/interfaces.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 3547b935d1e0322c0fb696726c27cae53a275e0a
-313UebA3rD
+0EwsqIn3TTi

examples/json/json.go

@@ -10,110 +10,110 @@ import "os"
 
 // We'll use these two structs to demonstrate encoding and
 // decoding of custom types below.
-type Response1 struct {
+type response1 struct {
-    Page   int
+	Page   int
-    Fruits []string
+	Fruits []string
 }
-type Response2 struct {
+type response2 struct {
-    Page   int      `json:"page"`
+	Page   int      `json:"page"`
-    Fruits []string `json:"fruits"`
+	Fruits []string `json:"fruits"`
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // First we'll look at encoding basic data types to
+	// First we'll look at encoding basic data types to
-    // JSON strings. Here are some examples for atomic
+	// JSON strings. Here are some examples for atomic
-    // values.
+	// values.
-    bolB, _ := json.Marshal(true)
+	bolB, _ := json.Marshal(true)
-    fmt.Println(string(bolB))
+	fmt.Println(string(bolB))
 
-    intB, _ := json.Marshal(1)
+	intB, _ := json.Marshal(1)
-    fmt.Println(string(intB))
+	fmt.Println(string(intB))
 
-    fltB, _ := json.Marshal(2.34)
+	fltB, _ := json.Marshal(2.34)
-    fmt.Println(string(fltB))
+	fmt.Println(string(fltB))
 
-    strB, _ := json.Marshal("gopher")
+	strB, _ := json.Marshal("gopher")
-    fmt.Println(string(strB))
+	fmt.Println(string(strB))
 
-    // And here are some for slices and maps, which encode
+	// And here are some for slices and maps, which encode
-    // to JSON arrays and objects as you'd expect.
+	// to JSON arrays and objects as you'd expect.
-    slcD := []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}
+	slcD := []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}
-    slcB, _ := json.Marshal(slcD)
+	slcB, _ := json.Marshal(slcD)
-    fmt.Println(string(slcB))
+	fmt.Println(string(slcB))
 
-    mapD := map[string]int{"apple": 5, "lettuce": 7}
+	mapD := map[string]int{"apple": 5, "lettuce": 7}
-    mapB, _ := json.Marshal(mapD)
+	mapB, _ := json.Marshal(mapD)
-    fmt.Println(string(mapB))
+	fmt.Println(string(mapB))
 
-    // The JSON package can automatically encode your
+	// The JSON package can automatically encode your
-    // custom data types. It will only include exported
+	// custom data types. It will only include exported
-    // fields in the encoded output and will by default
+	// fields in the encoded output and will by default
-    // use those names as the JSON keys.
+	// use those names as the JSON keys.
-    res1D := &Response1{
+	res1D := &response1{
-        Page:   1,
+		Page:   1,
-        Fruits: []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}}
+		Fruits: []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}}
-    res1B, _ := json.Marshal(res1D)
+	res1B, _ := json.Marshal(res1D)
-    fmt.Println(string(res1B))
+	fmt.Println(string(res1B))
 
-    // You can use tags on struct field declarations
+	// You can use tags on struct field declarations
-    // to customize the encoded JSON key names. Check the
+	// to customize the encoded JSON key names. Check the
-    // definition of `Response2` above to see an example
+	// definition of `response2` above to see an example
-    // of such tags.
+	// of such tags.
-    res2D := &Response2{
+	res2D := &response2{
-        Page:   1,
+		Page:   1,
-        Fruits: []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}}
+		Fruits: []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}}
-    res2B, _ := json.Marshal(res2D)
+	res2B, _ := json.Marshal(res2D)
-    fmt.Println(string(res2B))
+	fmt.Println(string(res2B))
 
-    // Now let's look at decoding JSON data into Go
+	// Now let's look at decoding JSON data into Go
-    // values. Here's an example for a generic data
+	// values. Here's an example for a generic data
-    // structure.
+	// structure.
-    byt := []byte(`{"num":6.13,"strs":["a","b"]}`)
+	byt := []byte(`{"num":6.13,"strs":["a","b"]}`)
 
-    // We need to provide a variable where the JSON
+	// We need to provide a variable where the JSON
-    // package can put the decoded data. This
+	// package can put the decoded data. This
-    // `map[string]interface{}` will hold a map of strings
+	// `map[string]interface{}` will hold a map of strings
-    // to arbitrary data types.
+	// to arbitrary data types.
-    var dat map[string]interface{}
+	var dat map[string]interface{}
 
-    // Here's the actual decoding, and a check for
+	// Here's the actual decoding, and a check for
-    // associated errors.
+	// associated errors.
-    if err := json.Unmarshal(byt, &dat); err != nil {
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(byt, &dat); err != nil {
-        panic(err)
+		panic(err)
-    }
+	}
-    fmt.Println(dat)
+	fmt.Println(dat)
 
-    // In order to use the values in the decoded map,
+	// In order to use the values in the decoded map,
-    // we'll need to cast them to their appropriate type.
+	// we'll need to convert them to their appropriate type.
-    // For example here we cast the value in `num` to
+	// For example here we convert the value in `num` to
-    // the expected `float64` type.
+	// the expected `float64` type.
-    num := dat["num"].(float64)
+	num := dat["num"].(float64)
-    fmt.Println(num)
+	fmt.Println(num)
 
-    // Accessing nested data requires a series of
+	// Accessing nested data requires a series of
-    // casts.
+	// conversions.
-    strs := dat["strs"].([]interface{})
+	strs := dat["strs"].([]interface{})
-    str1 := strs[0].(string)
+	str1 := strs[0].(string)
-    fmt.Println(str1)
+	fmt.Println(str1)
 
-    // We can also decode JSON into custom data types.
+	// We can also decode JSON into custom data types.
-    // This has the advantages of adding additional
+	// This has the advantages of adding additional
-    // type-safety to our programs and eliminating the
+	// type-safety to our programs and eliminating the
-    // need for type assertions when accessing the decoded
+	// need for type assertions when accessing the decoded
-    // data.
+	// data.
-    str := `{"page": 1, "fruits": ["apple", "peach"]}`
+	str := `{"page": 1, "fruits": ["apple", "peach"]}`
-    res := Response2{}
+	res := response2{}
-    json.Unmarshal([]byte(str), &res)
+	json.Unmarshal([]byte(str), &res)
-    fmt.Println(res)
+	fmt.Println(res)
-    fmt.Println(res.Fruits[0])
+	fmt.Println(res.Fruits[0])
 
-    // In the examples above we always used bytes and
+	// In the examples above we always used bytes and
-    // strings as intermediates between the data and
+	// strings as intermediates between the data and
-    // JSON representation on standard out. We can also
+	// JSON representation on standard out. We can also
-    // stream JSON encodings directly to `os.Writer`s like
+	// stream JSON encodings directly to `os.Writer`s like
-    // `os.Stdout` or even HTTP response bodies.
+	// `os.Stdout` or even HTTP response bodies.
-    enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
-    d := map[string]int{"apple": 5, "lettuce": 7}
+	d := map[string]int{"apple": 5, "lettuce": 7}
-    enc.Encode(d)
+	enc.Encode(d)
 }

examples/json/json.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-dee52e022a957b97c53fb2d2835653ef507502be
+d4dc2281f64061f077d8f1e9687538f41a339b25
-WxRgpycMaH
+xC6SHbzGBZC

examples/line-filters/line-filters.go

@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-    "bufio"
+	"bufio"
-    "fmt"
+	"fmt"
-    "os"
+	"os"
-    "strings"
+	"strings"
 )
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Wrapping the unbuffered `os.Stdin` with a buffered
+	// Wrapping the unbuffered `os.Stdin` with a buffered
-    // scanner gives us a convenient `Scan` method that
+	// scanner gives us a convenient `Scan` method that
-    // advances the scanner to the next token; which is
+	// advances the scanner to the next token; which is
-    // the next line in the default scanner.
+	// the next line in the default scanner.
-    scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
 
-    for scanner.Scan() {
+	for scanner.Scan() {
-        // `Text` returns the current token, here the next line,
+		// `Text` returns the current token, here the next line,
-        // from the input.
+		// from the input.
-        ucl := strings.ToUpper(scanner.Text())
+		ucl := strings.ToUpper(scanner.Text())
 
-        // Write out the uppercased line.
+		// Write out the uppercased line.
-        fmt.Println(ucl)
+		fmt.Println(ucl)
-    }
+	}
 
-    // Check for errors during `Scan`. End of file is
+	// Check for errors during `Scan`. End of file is
-    // expected and not reported by `Scan` as an error.
+	// expected and not reported by `Scan` as an error.
-    if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-        fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "error:", err)
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "error:", err)
-        os.Exit(1)
+		os.Exit(1)
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/line-filters/line-filters.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 87f4a67edf741979f8ff6da85947aa177547f9ef
-mpYwOHj2ma
+hnaOIaQAjKF

examples/maps/maps.go

@@ -7,44 +7,44 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // To create an empty map, use the builtin `make`:
+	// To create an empty map, use the builtin `make`:
-    // `make(map[key-type]val-type)`.
+	// `make(map[key-type]val-type)`.
-    m := make(map[string]int)
+	m := make(map[string]int)
 
-    // Set key/value pairs using typical `name[key] = val`
+	// Set key/value pairs using typical `name[key] = val`
-    // syntax.
+	// syntax.
-    m["k1"] = 7
+	m["k1"] = 7
-    m["k2"] = 13
+	m["k2"] = 13
 
-    // Printing a map with e.g. `Println` will show all of
+	// Printing a map with e.g. `fmt.Println` will show all of
-    // its key/value pairs.
+	// its key/value pairs.
-    fmt.Println("map:", m)
+	fmt.Println("map:", m)
 
-    // Get a value for a key with `name[key]`.
+	// Get a value for a key with `name[key]`.
-    v1 := m["k1"]
+	v1 := m["k1"]
-    fmt.Println("v1: ", v1)
+	fmt.Println("v1: ", v1)
 
-    // The builtin `len` returns the number of key/value
+	// The builtin `len` returns the number of key/value
-    // pairs when called on a map.
+	// pairs when called on a map.
-    fmt.Println("len:", len(m))
+	fmt.Println("len:", len(m))
 
-    // The builtin `delete` removes key/value pairs from
+	// The builtin `delete` removes key/value pairs from
-    // a map.
+	// a map.
-    delete(m, "k2")
+	delete(m, "k2")
-    fmt.Println("map:", m)
+	fmt.Println("map:", m)
 
-    // The optional second return value when getting a
+	// The optional second return value when getting a
-    // value from a map indicates if the key was present
+	// value from a map indicates if the key was present
-    // in the map. This can be used to disambiguate
+	// in the map. This can be used to disambiguate
-    // between missing keys and keys with zero values
+	// between missing keys and keys with zero values
-    // like `0` or `""`. Here we didn't need the value
+	// like `0` or `""`. Here we didn't need the value
-    // itself, so we ignored it with the _blank identifier_
+	// itself, so we ignored it with the _blank identifier_
-    // `_`.
+	// `_`.
-    _, prs := m["k2"]
+	_, prs := m["k2"]
-    fmt.Println("prs:", prs)
+	fmt.Println("prs:", prs)
 
-    // You can also declare and initialize a new map in
+	// You can also declare and initialize a new map in
-    // the same line with this syntax.
+	// the same line with this syntax.
-    n := map[string]int{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}
+	n := map[string]int{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}
-    fmt.Println("map:", n)
+	fmt.Println("map:", n)
 }

examples/maps/maps.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-2895d63b87f88ab374256c12dd1539cf7b070b77
+3e39d07e3f80ecbac558c6fb8baee2a5f914cf97
-E6cGoiKqka
+U67R66Oab8r

examples/maps/maps.sh

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ v1:  7
 len: 2
 map: map[k1:7]
 prs: false
-map: map[foo:1 bar:2]
+map: map[bar:2 foo:1]

examples/methods/methods.go

@@ -5,33 +5,33 @@ package main
 import "fmt"
 
 type rect struct {
-    width, height int
+	width, height int
 }
 
 // This `area` method has a _receiver type_ of `*rect`.
 func (r *rect) area() int {
-    return r.width * r.height
+	return r.width * r.height
 }
 
 // Methods can be defined for either pointer or value
 // receiver types. Here's an example of a value receiver.
 func (r rect) perim() int {
-    return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
+	return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
 }
 
 func main() {
-    r := rect{width: 10, height: 5}
+	r := rect{width: 10, height: 5}
 
-    // Here we call the 2 methods defined for our struct.
+	// Here we call the 2 methods defined for our struct.
-    fmt.Println("area: ", r.area())
+	fmt.Println("area: ", r.area())
-    fmt.Println("perim:", r.perim())
+	fmt.Println("perim:", r.perim())
 
-    // Go automatically handles conversion between values
+	// Go automatically handles conversion between values
-    // and pointers for method calls. You may want to use
+	// and pointers for method calls. You may want to use
-    // a pointer receiver type to avoid copying on method
+	// a pointer receiver type to avoid copying on method
-    // calls or to allow the method to mutate the
+	// calls or to allow the method to mutate the
-    // receiving struct.
+	// receiving struct.
-    rp := &r
+	rp := &r
-    fmt.Println("area: ", rp.area())
+	fmt.Println("area: ", rp.area())
-    fmt.Println("perim:", rp.perim())
+	fmt.Println("perim:", rp.perim())
 }

examples/methods/methods.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 24cfb9ad45e43c2d49163149bc55925a4e1b3c7a
-254m_9Yjwa
+ffMb0txGnYB

examples/multiple-return-values/multiple-return-values.go

@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ import "fmt"
 // The `(int, int)` in this function signature shows that
 // the function returns 2 `int`s.
 func vals() (int, int) {
-    return 3, 7
+	return 3, 7
 }
 
 func main() {
 
-    // Here we use the 2 different return values from the
+	// Here we use the 2 different return values from the
-    // call with _multiple assignment_.
+	// call with _multiple assignment_.
-    a, b := vals()
+	a, b := vals()
-    fmt.Println(a)
+	fmt.Println(a)
-    fmt.Println(b)
+	fmt.Println(b)
 
-    // If you only want a subset of the returned values,
+	// If you only want a subset of the returned values,
-    // use the blank identifier `_`.
+	// use the blank identifier `_`.
-    _, c := vals()
+	_, c := vals()
-    fmt.Println(c)
+	fmt.Println(c)
 }

examples/multiple-return-values/multiple-return-values.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 5063ce3d3c70c6bd70f4b709de24bb93d0f24e0c
-chwFmr5dG1
+FZoIB5LXQGZ

examples/mutexes/mutexes.go

@@ -1,85 +1,85 @@
 // In the previous example we saw how to manage simple
 // counter state using [atomic operations](atomic-counters).
-// For more complex state we can use a _[mutex](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusion)_
+// For more complex state we can use a <em>[mutex](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusion)</em>
 // to safely access data across multiple goroutines.
 
 package main
 
 import (
-    "fmt"
+	"fmt"
-    "math/rand"
+	"math/rand"
-    "sync"
+	"sync"
-    "sync/atomic"
+	"sync/atomic"
-    "time"
+	"time"
 )
 
 func main() {
 
-    // For our example the `state` will be a map.
+	// For our example the `state` will be a map.
-    var state = make(map[int]int)
+	var state = make(map[int]int)
 
-    // This `mutex` will synchronize access to `state`.
+	// This `mutex` will synchronize access to `state`.
-    var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}
+	var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}
 
-    // We'll keep track of how many read and write
+	// We'll keep track of how many read and write
-    // operations we do.
+	// operations we do.
-    var readOps uint64 = 0
+	var readOps uint64
-    var writeOps uint64 = 0
+	var writeOps uint64
 
-    // Here we start 100 goroutines to execute repeated
+	// Here we start 100 goroutines to execute repeated
-    // reads against the state, once per millisecond in
+	// reads against the state, once per millisecond in
-    // each goroutine.
+	// each goroutine.
-    for r := 0; r < 100; r++ {
+	for r := 0; r < 100; r++ {
-        go func() {
+		go func() {
-            total := 0
+			total := 0
-            for {
+			for {
 
-                // For each read we pick a key to access,
+				// For each read we pick a key to access,
-                // `Lock()` the `mutex` to ensure
+				// `Lock()` the `mutex` to ensure
-                // exclusive access to the `state`, read
+				// exclusive access to the `state`, read
-                // the value at the chosen key,
+				// the value at the chosen key,
-                // `Unlock()` the mutex, and increment
+				// `Unlock()` the mutex, and increment
-                // the `readOps` count.
+				// the `readOps` count.
-                key := rand.Intn(5)
+				key := rand.Intn(5)
-                mutex.Lock()
+				mutex.Lock()
-                total += state[key]
+				total += state[key]
-                mutex.Unlock()
+				mutex.Unlock()
-                atomic.AddUint64(&readOps, 1)
+				atomic.AddUint64(&readOps, 1)
 
-                // Wait a bit between reads.
+				// Wait a bit between reads.
-                time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
-            }
+			}
-        }()
+		}()
-    }
+	}
 
-    // We'll also start 10 goroutines to simulate writes,
+	// We'll also start 10 goroutines to simulate writes,
-    // using the same pattern we did for reads.
+	// using the same pattern we did for reads.
-    for w := 0; w < 10; w++ {
+	for w := 0; w < 10; w++ {
-        go func() {
+		go func() {
-            for {
+			for {
-                key := rand.Intn(5)
+				key := rand.Intn(5)
-                val := rand.Intn(100)
+				val := rand.Intn(100)
-                mutex.Lock()
+				mutex.Lock()
-                state[key] = val
+				state[key] = val
-                mutex.Unlock()
+				mutex.Unlock()
-                atomic.AddUint64(&writeOps, 1)
+				atomic.AddUint64(&writeOps, 1)
-                time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
-            }
+			}
-        }()
+		}()
-    }
+	}
 
-    // Let the 10 goroutines work on the `state` and
+	// Let the 10 goroutines work on the `state` and
-    // `mutex` for a second.
+	// `mutex` for a second.
-    time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	time.Sleep(time.Second)
 
-    // Take and report final operation counts.
+	// Take and report final operation counts.
-    readOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&readOps)
+	readOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&readOps)
-    fmt.Println("readOps:", readOpsFinal)
+	fmt.Println("readOps:", readOpsFinal)
-    writeOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&writeOps)
+	writeOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&writeOps)
-    fmt.Println("writeOps:", writeOpsFinal)
+	fmt.Println("writeOps:", writeOpsFinal)
 
-    // With a final lock of `state`, show how it ended up.
+	// With a final lock of `state`, show how it ended up.
-    mutex.Lock()
+	mutex.Lock()
-    fmt.Println("state:", state)
+	fmt.Println("state:", state)
-    mutex.Unlock()
+	mutex.Unlock()
 }

examples/mutexes/mutexes.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-e82356cbb37143862b0a9bbc68856f4b272c4918
+ca257d9594a6219d5803193132e999a32dc8c856
-a9Wky7k-Bw
+IRewFKz2OPN

examples/non-blocking-channel-operations/non-blocking-channel-operations.go

@@ -8,39 +8,42 @@ package main
 import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
-    messages := make(chan string)
+	messages := make(chan string)
-    signals := make(chan bool)
+	signals := make(chan bool)
 
-    // Here's a non-blocking receive. If a value is
+	// Here's a non-blocking receive. If a value is
-    // available on `messages` then `select` will take
+	// available on `messages` then `select` will take
-    // the `<-messages` `case` with that value. If not
+	// the `<-messages` `case` with that value. If not
-    // it will immediately take the `default` case.
+	// it will immediately take the `default` case.
-    select {
+	select {
-    case msg := <-messages:
+	case msg := <-messages:
-        fmt.Println("received message", msg)
+		fmt.Println("received message", msg)
-    default:
+	default:
-        fmt.Println("no message received")
+		fmt.Println("no message received")
-    }
+	}
 
-    // A non-blocking send works similarly.
+	// A non-blocking send works similarly. Here `msg`
-    msg := "hi"
+	// cannot be sent to the `messages` channel, because
-    select {
+	// the channel has no buffer and there is no receiver.
-    case messages <- msg:
+	// Therefore the `default` case is selected.
-        fmt.Println("sent message", msg)
+	msg := "hi"
-    default:
+	select {
-        fmt.Println("no message sent")
+	case messages <- msg:
-    }
+		fmt.Println("sent message", msg)
+	default:
+		fmt.Println("no message sent")
+	}
 
-    // We can use multiple `case`s above the `default`
+	// We can use multiple `case`s above the `default`
-    // clause to implement a multi-way non-blocking
+	// clause to implement a multi-way non-blocking
-    // select. Here we attempt non-blocking receives
+	// select. Here we attempt non-blocking receives
-    // on both `messages` and `signals`.
+	// on both `messages` and `signals`.
-    select {
+	select {
-    case msg := <-messages:
+	case msg := <-messages:
-        fmt.Println("received message", msg)
+		fmt.Println("received message", msg)
-    case sig := <-signals:
+	case sig := <-signals:
-        fmt.Println("received signal", sig)
+		fmt.Println("received signal", sig)
-    default:
+	default:
-        fmt.Println("no activity")
+		fmt.Println("no activity")
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/non-blocking-channel-operations/non-blocking-channel-operations.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-119ced4df4f79795b163483b6abfd855e76ef577
+a6e0a8bb87153c7ed0de4996172f7ad5d89c6814
-M972dltae2
+n5ttmOsMrrJ

examples/number-parsing/number-parsing.go

@@ -10,31 +10,31 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // With `ParseFloat`, this `64` tells how many bits of
+	// With `ParseFloat`, this `64` tells how many bits of
-    // precision to parse.
+	// precision to parse.
-    f, _ := strconv.ParseFloat("1.234", 64)
+	f, _ := strconv.ParseFloat("1.234", 64)
-    fmt.Println(f)
+	fmt.Println(f)
 
-    // For `ParseInt`, the `0` means infer the base from
+	// For `ParseInt`, the `0` means infer the base from
-    // the string. `64` requires that the result fit in 64
+	// the string. `64` requires that the result fit in 64
-    // bits.
+	// bits.
-    i, _ := strconv.ParseInt("123", 0, 64)
+	i, _ := strconv.ParseInt("123", 0, 64)
-    fmt.Println(i)
+	fmt.Println(i)
 
-    // `ParseInt` will recognize hex-formatted numbers.
+	// `ParseInt` will recognize hex-formatted numbers.
-    d, _ := strconv.ParseInt("0x1c8", 0, 64)
+	d, _ := strconv.ParseInt("0x1c8", 0, 64)
-    fmt.Println(d)
+	fmt.Println(d)
 
-    // A `ParseUint` is also available.
+	// A `ParseUint` is also available.
-    u, _ := strconv.ParseUint("789", 0, 64)
+	u, _ := strconv.ParseUint("789", 0, 64)
-    fmt.Println(u)
+	fmt.Println(u)
 
-    // `Atoi` is a convenience function for basic base-10
+	// `Atoi` is a convenience function for basic base-10
-    // `int` parsing.
+	// `int` parsing.
-    k, _ := strconv.Atoi("135")
+	k, _ := strconv.Atoi("135")
-    fmt.Println(k)
+	fmt.Println(k)
 
-    // Parse functions return an error on bad input.
+	// Parse functions return an error on bad input.
-    _, e := strconv.Atoi("wat")
+	_, e := strconv.Atoi("wat")
-    fmt.Println(e)
+	fmt.Println(e)
 }

examples/number-parsing/number-parsing.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 0d2155e9863a73c098d44637e92403d7f5e8e965
-N90EppECFk
+NZh4LjhguvN

examples/panic/panic.go

@@ -9,17 +9,17 @@ import "os"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // We'll use panic throughout this site to check for
+	// We'll use panic throughout this site to check for
-    // unexpected errors. This is the only program on the
+	// unexpected errors. This is the only program on the
-    // site designed to panic.
+	// site designed to panic.
-    panic("a problem")
+	panic("a problem")
 
-    // A common use of panic is to abort if a function
+	// A common use of panic is to abort if a function
-    // returns an error value that we don't know how to
+	// returns an error value that we don't know how to
-    // (or want to) handle. Here's an example of
+	// (or want to) handle. Here's an example of
-    // `panic`king if we get an unexpected error when creating a new file.
+	// `panic`king if we get an unexpected error when creating a new file.
-    _, err := os.Create("/tmp/file")
+	_, err := os.Create("/tmp/file")
-    if err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-        panic(err)
+		panic(err)
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/panic/panic.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 91639bbcfcc6ed088295a9ee6b1c36ab35ae402a
-c86oXzfQOt
+91HXbZZZopt

examples/pointers/pointers.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import "fmt"
 // value. `zeroval` will get a copy of `ival` distinct
 // from the one in the calling function.
 func zeroval(ival int) {
-    ival = 0
+	ival = 0
 }
 
 // `zeroptr` in contrast has an `*int` parameter, meaning
@@ -22,21 +22,21 @@ func zeroval(ival int) {
 // Assigning a value to a dereferenced pointer changes the
 // value at the referenced address.
 func zeroptr(iptr *int) {
-    *iptr = 0
+	*iptr = 0
 }
 
 func main() {
-    i := 1
+	i := 1
-    fmt.Println("initial:", i)
+	fmt.Println("initial:", i)
 
-    zeroval(i)
+	zeroval(i)
-    fmt.Println("zeroval:", i)
+	fmt.Println("zeroval:", i)
 
-    // The `&i` syntax gives the memory address of `i`,
+	// The `&i` syntax gives the memory address of `i`,
-    // i.e. a pointer to `i`.
+	// i.e. a pointer to `i`.
-    zeroptr(&i)
+	zeroptr(&i)
-    fmt.Println("zeroptr:", i)
+	fmt.Println("zeroptr:", i)
 
-    // Pointers can be printed too.
+	// Pointers can be printed too.
-    fmt.Println("pointer:", &i)
+	fmt.Println("pointer:", &i)
 }

examples/pointers/pointers.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 85cff3345d2f22b65a5d54eb8f7aa8f508f27887
-KdE4TBbUL2
+fnQkHp4hriG

examples/random-numbers/random-numbers.go

@@ -10,45 +10,45 @@ import "math/rand"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // For example, `rand.Intn` returns a random `int` n,
+	// For example, `rand.Intn` returns a random `int` n,
-    // `0 <= n < 100`.
+	// `0 <= n < 100`.
-    fmt.Print(rand.Intn(100), ",")
+	fmt.Print(rand.Intn(100), ",")
-    fmt.Print(rand.Intn(100))
+	fmt.Print(rand.Intn(100))
-    fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println()
 
-    // `rand.Float64` returns a `float64` `f`,
+	// `rand.Float64` returns a `float64` `f`,
-    // `0.0 <= f < 1.0`.
+	// `0.0 <= f < 1.0`.
-    fmt.Println(rand.Float64())
+	fmt.Println(rand.Float64())
 
-    // This can be used to generate random floats in
+	// This can be used to generate random floats in
-    // other ranges, for example `5.0 <= f' < 10.0`.
+	// other ranges, for example `5.0 <= f' < 10.0`.
-    fmt.Print((rand.Float64()*5)+5, ",")
+	fmt.Print((rand.Float64()*5)+5, ",")
-    fmt.Print((rand.Float64() * 5) + 5)
+	fmt.Print((rand.Float64() * 5) + 5)
-    fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println()
 
-    // The default number generator is deterministic, so it'll
+	// The default number generator is deterministic, so it'll
-    // produce the same sequence of numbers each time by default.
+	// produce the same sequence of numbers each time by default.
-    // To produce varying sequences, give it a seed that changes.
+	// To produce varying sequences, give it a seed that changes.
-    // Note that this is not safe to use for random numbers you
+	// Note that this is not safe to use for random numbers you
-    // intend to be secret, use `crypto/rand` for those.
+	// intend to be secret, use `crypto/rand` for those.
-    s1 := rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
+	s1 := rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
-    r1 := rand.New(s1)
+	r1 := rand.New(s1)
 
-    // Call the resulting `rand.Rand` just like the
+	// Call the resulting `rand.Rand` just like the
-    // functions on the `rand` package.
+	// functions on the `rand` package.
-    fmt.Print(r1.Intn(100), ",")
+	fmt.Print(r1.Intn(100), ",")
-    fmt.Print(r1.Intn(100))
+	fmt.Print(r1.Intn(100))
-    fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println()
 
-    // If you seed a source with the same number, it
+	// If you seed a source with the same number, it
-    // produces the same sequence of random numbers.
+	// produces the same sequence of random numbers.
-    s2 := rand.NewSource(42)
+	s2 := rand.NewSource(42)
-    r2 := rand.New(s2)
+	r2 := rand.New(s2)
-    fmt.Print(r2.Intn(100), ",")
+	fmt.Print(r2.Intn(100), ",")
-    fmt.Print(r2.Intn(100))
+	fmt.Print(r2.Intn(100))
-    fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println()
-    s3 := rand.NewSource(42)
+	s3 := rand.NewSource(42)
-    r3 := rand.New(s3)
+	r3 := rand.New(s3)
-    fmt.Print(r3.Intn(100), ",")
+	fmt.Print(r3.Intn(100), ",")
-    fmt.Print(r3.Intn(100))
+	fmt.Print(r3.Intn(100))
 }

examples/random-numbers/random-numbers.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 8e97de760147b061dd09939db294c892211b6b80
-ZdFpbahgC1
+jiJaIjxL2sP

examples/range-over-channels/range-over-channels.go

@@ -9,17 +9,17 @@ import "fmt"
 
 func main() {
 
-    // We'll iterate over 2 values in the `queue` channel.
+	// We'll iterate over 2 values in the `queue` channel.
-    queue := make(chan string, 2)
+	queue := make(chan string, 2)
-    queue <- "one"
+	queue <- "one"
-    queue <- "two"
+	queue <- "two"
-    close(queue)
+	close(queue)
 
-    // This `range` iterates over each element as it's
+	// This `range` iterates over each element as it's
-    // received from `queue`. Because we `close`d the
+	// received from `queue`. Because we `close`d the
-    // channel above, the iteration terminates after
+	// channel above, the iteration terminates after
-    // receiving the 2 elements.
+	// receiving the 2 elements.
-    for elem := range queue {
+	for elem := range queue {
-        fmt.Println(elem)
+		fmt.Println(elem)
-    }
+	}
 }

examples/range-over-channels/range-over-channels.hash

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 8b5d8a77e84c34771c5b14af014ecef3f88b2a6c
-I63ge2ISDs
+QnARPm-ddFB