gobyexample/public/closures
2013-11-17 08:43:04 -08:00

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<div class="example" id="closures">
<h2><a href="./">Go by Example</a>: Closures</h2>
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<p>Go supports <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function"><em>anonymous functions</em></a>,
which can form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)"><em>closures</em></a>.
Anonymous functions are useful when you want to define
a function inline without having to name it.</p>
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<a href="http://play.golang.org/p/gQtEWkhWyp"><img title="Run code" src="play.png" class="run" /></a>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">package</span> <span class="nx">main</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="s">&quot;fmt&quot;</span>
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<p>This function <code>intSeq</code> returns another function, which
we define anonymously in the body of <code>intSeq</code>. The
returned function <em>closes over</em> the variable <code>i</code> to
form a closure.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nx">intSeq</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nx">i</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nx">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<p>We call <code>intSeq</code>, assigning the result (a function)
to <code>nextInt</code>. This function value captures its
own <code>i</code> value, which will be updated each time
we call <code>nextInt</code>.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">nextInt</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">intSeq</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<p>See the effect of the closure by calling <code>nextInt</code>
a few times.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">nextInt</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">nextInt</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">nextInt</span><span class="p">())</span>
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<p>To confirm that the state is unique to that
particular function, create and test a new one.</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">newInts</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">intSeq</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">newInts</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">$</span> go run closures.go
<span class="go">1</span>
<span class="go">2</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="go">1</span>
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<p>The last feature of functions we&rsquo;ll look at for now is
recursion.</p>
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<p class="next">
Next example: <a href="recursion">Recursion</a>.
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by <a href="https://twitter.com/mmcgrana">@mmcgrana</a> | <a href="mailto:mmcgrana@gmail.com">feedback</a> | <a href="https://github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample/blob/master/examples/closures">source</a> | <a href="https://github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample#license">license</a>
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