298 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
298 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>Go by Example: Reading Files</title>
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<div class="example" id="reading-files">
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<h2><a href="./">Go by Example</a>: Reading Files</h2>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Reading and writing files are basic tasks needed for
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many Go programs. First we’ll look at some examples of
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reading files.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code empty leading">
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</td>
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<td class="docs">
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<td class="code leading">
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<a href="http://play.golang.org/p/2kEKXq-kUV"><img title="Run code" src="play.png" class="run" /></a>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">package</span> <span class="nx">main</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="s">"bufio"</span>
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<span class="s">"fmt"</span>
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<span class="s">"io"</span>
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<span class="s">"io/ioutil"</span>
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<span class="s">"os"</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Reading files requires checking most calls for errors.
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This helper will streamline our error checks below.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">e</span> <span class="kt">error</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nx">e</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nb">panic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nx">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Perhaps the most basic file reading task is
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slurping a file’s entire contents into memory.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">dat</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">ioutil</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ReadFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"/tmp/dat"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dat</span><span class="p">))</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>You’ll often want more control over how and what
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parts of a file are read. For these tasks, start
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by <code>Open</code>ing a file to obtain an <code>os.File</code> value.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">os</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"/tmp/dat"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Read some bytes from the beginning of the file.
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Allow up to 5 to be read but also note how many
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actually were read.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">b1</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">n1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b1</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%d bytes: %s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">n1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b1</span><span class="p">))</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>You can also <code>Seek</code> to a known location in the file
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and <code>Read</code> from there.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">o2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">b2</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">n2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b2</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%d bytes @ %d: %s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">n2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">o2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b2</span><span class="p">))</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>The <code>io</code> package provides some functions that may
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be helpful for file reading. For example, reads
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like the ones above can be more robustly
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implemented with <code>ReadAtLeast</code>.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">o3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">b3</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">n3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">io</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ReadAtLeast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">b3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%d bytes @ %d: %s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">n3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">o3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b3</span><span class="p">))</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>There is no built-in rewind, but <code>Seek(0, 0)</code>
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accomplishes this.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>The <code>bufio</code> package implements a buffered
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reader that may be useful both for its efficiency
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with many small reads and because of the additional
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reading methods it provides.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">r4</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">bufio</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">b4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">err</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">r4</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Peek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"5 bytes: %s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b4</span><span class="p">))</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Close the file when you’re done (usually this would
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be scheduled immediately after <code>Open</code>ing with
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<code>defer</code>).</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Close</span><span class="p">()</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">$</span> <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"hello"</span> > /tmp/dat
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<span class="gp">$</span> <span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"go"</span> >> /tmp/dat
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<span class="gp">$</span> go run reading-files.go
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<span class="go">hello</span>
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<span class="go">go</span>
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<span class="go">5 bytes: hello</span>
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<span class="go">2 bytes @ 6: go</span>
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<span class="go">2 bytes @ 6: go</span>
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<span class="go">5 bytes: hello</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Next we’ll look at writing files.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code empty">
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p class="next">
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Next example: <a href="writing-files">Writing Files</a>.
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</p>
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<p class="footer">
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by <a href="https://twitter.com/mmcgrana">@mmcgrana</a> | <a href="mailto:mmcgrana@gmail.com">feedback</a> | <a href="https://github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample/blob/master/examples/reading-files">source</a> | <a href="https://github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample#license">license</a>
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</p>
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</div>
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