9e216da9ef
After go1.16, go will use module mode by default, even when the repository is checked out under GOPATH or in a one-off directory. Add go.mod, go.sum to keep this repo buildable without opting out of the module mode. > go mod init github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample > go mod tidy > go mod vendor In module mode, the 'vendor' directory is special and its contents will be actively maintained by the go command. pygments aren't the dependency the go will know about, so it will delete the contents from vendor directory. Move it to `third_party` directory now. And, vendor the blackfriday package. Note: the tutorial contents are not affected by the change in go1.16 because all the examples in this tutorial ask users to run the go command with the explicit list of files to be compiled (e.g. `go run hello-world.go` or `go build command-line-arguments.go`). When the source list is provided, the go command does not have to compute the build list and whether it's running in GOPATH mode or module mode becomes irrelevant.
261 lines
7.4 KiB
Plaintext
261 lines
7.4 KiB
Plaintext
<CsoundSynthesizer>
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<CsInstruments>
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// This is a Csound orchestra file for testing a Pygments <http://pygments.org>
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// lexer. Csound single-line comments can be preceded by a pair of forward
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// slashes...
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; ...or a semicolon.
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/* Block comments begin with /* and end with */
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// Orchestras begin with a header of audio parameters.
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nchnls = 1
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nchnls_i = 1
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sr = 44100
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0dbfs = 1
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ksmps = 10
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// The control rate kr = sr / ksmps can be omitted when the number of audio
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// samples in a control period (ksmps) is set, but kr may appear in older
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// orchestras.
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kr = 4410
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// Orchestras contain instruments. These begin with the keyword instr followed
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// by a comma-separated list of numbers or names of the instrument. Instruments
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// end at the endin keyword and cannot be nested.
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instr 1, N_a_M_e_, +Name
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// Instruments contain statements. Here is a typical statement:
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aSignal oscil 0dbfs, 440, 1
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// Statements are terminated with a newline (possibly preceded by a comment).
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// To write a statement on several lines, precede the newline with a
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// backslash.
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prints \
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"hello, world\n";comment
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// Csound 6 introduced function syntax for opcodes with one or zero outputs.
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// The oscil statement above is the same as
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aSignal = oscil(0dbfs, 440, 1)
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// Instruments can contain control structures.
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kNote = p3
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if (kNote == 0) then
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kFrequency = 220
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elseif kNote == 1 then // Parentheses around binary expressions are optional.
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kFrequency = 440
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endif
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// Csound 6 introduced looping structures.
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iIndex = 0
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while iIndex < 5 do
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print iIndex
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iIndex += 1
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od
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iIndex = 0
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until iIndex >= 5 do
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print iIndex
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iIndex += 1
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enduntil
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// Both kinds of loops can be terminated by either od or enduntil.
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// Single-line strings are enclosed in double-quotes.
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prints "string\\\r\n\t\""
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// Multi-line strings are enclosed in pairs of curly braces.
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prints {{
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hello,
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world
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}}
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// Instruments often end with a statement containing an output opcode.
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outc aSignal
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endin
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// Orchestras can also contain user-defined opcodes (UDOs). Here is an
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// oscillator with one audio-rate output and two control-rate inputs:
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opcode anOscillator, a, kk
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kAmplitude, kFrequency xin
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aSignal vco2 kAmplitude, kFrequency
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xout aSignal
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endop
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instr TestOscillator
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outc(anOscillator(0dbfs, 110))
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endin
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// Python can be executed in Csound
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// <http://www.csounds.com/manual/html/pyrun.html>. So can Lua
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// <http://www.csounds.com/manual/html/lua.html>.
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pyruni {{
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import random
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pool = [(1 + i / 10.0) ** 1.2 for i in range(100)]
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def get_number_from_pool(n, p):
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if random.random() < p:
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i = int(random.random() * len(pool))
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pool[i] = n
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return random.choice(pool)
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}}
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// The Csound preprocessor supports conditional compilation and including files.
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#ifdef DEBUG
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#undef DEBUG
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#include "filename.orc"
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#endif
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// The preprocessor also supports object- and function-like macros. This is an
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// object-like macro that defines a number:
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#define A_HZ #440#
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// This is a function-like macro:
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#define OSCIL_MACRO(VOLUME'FREQUENCY'TABLE) #oscil $VOLUME, $FREQUENCY, $TABLE#
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// Bodies of macros are enclosed in # and can contain newlines. The arguments of
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// function-like macros are separated by single-quotes. Uses of macros are
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// prefixed with a dollar sign.
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instr TestMacro
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aSignal $OSCIL_MACRO(1'$A_HZ'1)
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// Not unlike PHP, macros expand in double-quoted strings.
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prints "The frequency of the oscillator is $A_HZ Hz.\n"
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out aSignal
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endin
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// Here are other things to note about Csound.
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// There are two bitwise NOT operators, ~ and ¬ (U+00AC). The latter is common
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// on keyboards in the United Kingdom
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// <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_American_keyboards>.
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instr TestBitwiseNOT
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print ~42
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print ¬42
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endin
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// Csound uses # for bitwise XOR, which the Csound manual calls bitwise
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// non-equivalence <http://www.csounds.com/manual/html/opnonequiv.html>.
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instr TestBitwiseXOR
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print 0 # 0
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print 0 # 1
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print 1 # 0
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print 1 # 1
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endin
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// Loops and if-then statements are relatively recent additions to Csound. There
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// are many flow-control opcodes that involve goto and labels.
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instr TestGoto
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// This...
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if p3 > 0 goto if_label
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goto else_label
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if_label:
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prints "if branch\n"
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goto endif_label
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else_label:
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prints "else branch\n"
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endif_label:
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// ...is the same as this.
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if p3 > 0 then
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prints "if branch\n"
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else
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prints "else branch\n"
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endif
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// This...
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iIndex = 0
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loop_label:
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print iIndex
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iIndex += 1
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if iIndex < 10 goto loop_label
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// ...is the same as this...
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iIndex = 0
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loop_lt_label:
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print iIndex
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loop_lt iIndex, 1, 10, loop_lt_label
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// ...and this.
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iIndex = 0
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while iIndex < 10 do
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print iIndex
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iIndex += 1
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od
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endin
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// The prints and printks opcodes
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// <https://github.com/csound/csound/blob/develop/OOps/ugrw1.c#L831>, arguably
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// the primary methods of logging output, treat certain sequences of characters
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// different from printf in C.
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instr TestPrints
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// ^ prints an ESCAPE character (U+001B), not a CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT character
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// (U+005E). ^^ prints a CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT.
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prints "^^\n"
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// ~ prints an ESCAPE character (U+001B) followed by a [, not a TILDE
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// character (U+007E). ~~ prints a TILDE.
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prints "~~\n"
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// \A, \B, \N, \R, and \T correspond to the escaped lowercase characters (that
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// is, BELL (U+0007), BACKSPACE (U+0008), new line (U+000A), CARRIAGE RETURN
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// (U+000D), and tab (U+0009)).
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prints "\T\R\N"
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// %n, %r, and %t are the same as \n, \r, and \t, as are %N, %R, and %T.
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prints "%t%r%n"
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// %! prints a semicolon. This is a hold-over from old versions of Csound that
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// allowed comments to begin in strings.
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prints "; %!\n"
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endin
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// The arguments of function-like macros can be separated by # instead of '.
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// These two lines define the same macro.
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#define OSCIL_MACRO(VOLUME'FREQUENCY'TABLE) #oscil $VOLUME, $FREQUENCY, $TABLE#
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#define OSCIL_MACRO(VOLUME#FREQUENCY#TABLE) #oscil $VOLUME, $FREQUENCY, $TABLE#
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// Uses of macros can optionally be suffixed with a period.
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instr TestMacroPeriodSuffix
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aSignal $OSCIL_MACRO.(1'$A_HZ'1)
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prints "The frequency of the oscillator is $A_HZ.Hz.\n"
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out aSignal
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endin
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// Csound has @ and @@ operator-like macros that, when followed by a literal
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// non-negative integer, expand to the next power of 2 and the next power of 2
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// plus 1:
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// @x = 2^(ceil(log2(x + 1))), x >= 0
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// @@0 = 2
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// @@x = 2^(ceil(log2(x))) + 1, x > 0
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// These macros are in
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// <https://github.com/csound/csound/blob/develop/Engine/csound_orc.l#L542> (and
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// <https://github.com/csound/csound/blob/develop/Engine/csound_sco.lex#L202>)
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// and are described at <http://www.csounds.com/manual/html/ScoreEval.html>.
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instr TestAt
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 0, @0, @@0
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 1, @1, @@1
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 2, @2, @@2
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 3, @3, @@3
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 4, @4, @@4
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 5, @5, @@5
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 6, @6, @@6
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 7, @7, @@7
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 8, @8, @@8
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prints "%d %2d %2d\n", 9, @9, @@9
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endin
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// Including newlines in macros can lead to confusing code, but it tests the
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// lexer.
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instr MacroAbuse
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if 1 == 1 then
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prints "on\n"
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#define FOO#
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BAR
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#endif // This ends the if statement. It is not a preprocessor directive.
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endin
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</CsInstruments>
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<CsScore>
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f 1 0 16384 10 1
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i "N_a_M_e_" 0 2
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i "TestOscillator" 2 2
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i "TestBitwiseNOT" 0 1
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i "TestBitwiseXOR" 0 1
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i "TestGoto" 0 1
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i "TestMacroPeriodSuffix" 4 1
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i "TestAt" 0 1
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i "MacroAbuse" 0 1
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e
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</CsScore>
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</CsoundSynthesizer>
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