9e216da9ef
After go1.16, go will use module mode by default, even when the repository is checked out under GOPATH or in a one-off directory. Add go.mod, go.sum to keep this repo buildable without opting out of the module mode. > go mod init github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample > go mod tidy > go mod vendor In module mode, the 'vendor' directory is special and its contents will be actively maintained by the go command. pygments aren't the dependency the go will know about, so it will delete the contents from vendor directory. Move it to `third_party` directory now. And, vendor the blackfriday package. Note: the tutorial contents are not affected by the change in go1.16 because all the examples in this tutorial ask users to run the go command with the explicit list of files to be compiled (e.g. `go run hello-world.go` or `go build command-line-arguments.go`). When the source list is provided, the go command does not have to compute the build list and whether it's running in GOPATH mode or module mode becomes irrelevant.
234 lines
4.2 KiB
Elixir
234 lines
4.2 KiB
Elixir
# Numbers
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0b0101011
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1234 ; 0x1A ; 0xbeef ; 0763 ; 0o123
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3.14 ; 5.0e21 ; 0.5e-12
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100_000_000
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# these are not valid numbers
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0b012 ; 0xboar ; 0o888
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0B01 ; 0XAF ; 0O123
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# Characters
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?a ; ?1 ; ?\n ; ?\s ; ?\c ; ? ; ?,
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?\x{12} ; ?\x{abcd}
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?\x34 ; ?\xF
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# these show that only the first digit is part of the character
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?\123 ; ?\12 ; ?\7
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# Atoms
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:this ; :that
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:'complex atom'
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:"with' \"\" 'quotes"
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:" multi
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line ' \s \123 \xff
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atom"
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:... ; :<<>> ; :%{} ; :% ; :{}
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:++; :--; :*; :~~~; :::
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:% ; :. ; :<-
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# Strings
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"Hello world"
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"Interspersed \x{ff} codes \7 \8 \65 \016 and \t\s\\s\z\+ \\ escapes"
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"Quotes ' inside \" \123 the \"\" \xF \\xF string \\\" end"
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"Multiline
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string"
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# Char lists
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'this is a list'
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'escapes \' \t \\\''
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'Multiline
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char
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list
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'
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# Binaries
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<<1, 2, 3>>
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<<"hello"::binary, c :: utf8, x::[4, unit(2)]>> = "hello™1"
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# Sigils
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~r/this + i\s "a" regex/
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~R'this + i\s "a" regex too'
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~w(hello #{ ["has" <> "123", '\c\d', "\123 interpol" | []] } world)s
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~W(hello #{no "123" \c\d \123 interpol} world)s
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~s{Escapes terminators \{ and \}, but no {balancing} # outside of sigil here }
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~S"No escapes \s\t\n and no #{interpolation}"
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:"atoms work #{"to" <> "o"}"
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# Operators
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x = 1 + 2.0 * 3
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y = true and false; z = false or true
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... = 144
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... == !x && y || z
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"hello" |> String.upcase |> String.downcase()
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{^z, a} = {true, x}
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# Free operators (added in 1.0.0)
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p ~>> f = bind(p, f)
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p1 ~> p2 = pair_right(p1, p2)
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p1 <~ p2 = pair_left(p1, p2)
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p1 <~> p2 = pair_both(p1, p2)
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p |~> f = map(p, f)
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p1 <|> p2 = either(p1, p2)
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# Lists, tuples, maps, keywords
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[1, :a, 'hello'] ++ [2, 3]
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[:head | [?t, ?a, ?i, ?l]]
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{:one, 2.0, "three"}
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[...: "this", <<>>: "is", %{}: "a keyword", %: "list", {}: "too"]
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["this is an atom too": 1, "so is this": 2]
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[option: "value", key: :word]
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[++: "operator", ~~~: :&&&]
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map = %{shortcut: "syntax"}
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%{map | "update" => "me"}
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%{ 12 => 13, :weird => ['thing'] }
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# Comprehensions
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for x <- 1..10, x < 5, do: {x, x}
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pixels = "12345678"
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for << <<r::4, g::4, b::4, a::size(4)>> <- pixels >> do
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[r, {g, %{"b" => a}}]
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end
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# String interpolation
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"String #{inspect "interpolation"} is quite #{1+4+7} difficult"
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# Identifiers
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abc_123 = 1
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_018OP = 2
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A__0 == 3
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# Modules
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defmodule Long.Module.Name do
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@moduledoc "Simple module docstring"
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@doc """
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Multiline docstring
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"with quotes"
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and #{ inspect %{"interpolation" => "in" <> "action"} }
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now with #{ {:a, 'tuple'} }
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and #{ inspect {
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:tuple,
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%{ with: "nested #{ inspect %{ :interpolation => %{} } }" }
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} }
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"""
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defstruct [:a, :name, :height]
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@doc ~S'''
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No #{interpolation} of any kind.
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\000 \x{ff}
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\n #{\x{ff}}
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'''
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def func(a, b \\ []), do: :ok
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@doc false
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def __before_compile__(_) do
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:ok
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end
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end
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# Structs
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defmodule Second.Module do
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s = %Long.Module.Name{name: "Silly"}
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%Long.Module.Name{s | height: {192, :cm}}
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".. #{%Long.Module.Name{s | height: {192, :cm}}} .."
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end
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# Types, pseudo-vars, attributes
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defmodule M do
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@custom_attr :some_constant
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@before_compile Long.Module.Name
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@typedoc "This is a type"
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@type typ :: integer
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@typedoc """
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Another type
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"""
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@opaque typtyp :: 1..10
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@spec func(typ, typtyp) :: :ok | :fail
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def func(a, b) do
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a || b || :ok || :fail
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Path.expand("..", __DIR__)
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IO.inspect __ENV__
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__NOTAPSEUDOVAR__ = 11
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__MODULE__.func(b, a)
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end
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defmacro m() do
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__CALLER__
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end
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end
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# Functions
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anon = fn x, y, z ->
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fn(a, b, c) ->
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&(x + y - z * a / &1 + b + div(&2, c))
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end
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end
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&Set.put(&1, &2) ; & Set.put(&1, &2) ; &( Set.put(&1, &1) )
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# Function calls
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anon.(1, 2, 3); self; hd([1,2,3])
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Kernel.spawn(fn -> :ok end)
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IO.ANSI.black
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# Control flow
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if :this do
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:that
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else
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:otherwise
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end
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pid = self
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receive do
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{:EXIT, _} -> :done
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{^pid, :_} -> nil
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after 100 -> :no_luck
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end
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case __ENV__.line do
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x when is_integer(x) -> x
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x when x in 1..12 -> -x
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end
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cond do
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false -> "too bad"
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4 > 5 -> "oops"
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true -> nil
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end
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# Lexical scope modifiers
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import Kernel, except: [spawn: 1, +: 2, /: 2, Unless: 2]
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alias Long.Module.Name, as: N0men123_and4
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use Bitwise
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4 &&& 5
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2 <<< 3
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# Protocols
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defprotocol Useless do
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def func1(this)
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def func2(that)
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end
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defimpl Useless, for: Atom do
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end
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# Exceptions
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defmodule NotAnError do
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defexception [:message]
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end
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raise NotAnError, message: "This is not an error"
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