306 lines
16 KiB
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306 lines
16 KiB
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>Go в примерах: Мьютексы (Mutexes)</title>
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<link rel=stylesheet href="site.css">
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onkeydown = (e) => {
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if (e.key == "ArrowLeft") {
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window.location.href = 'atomic-counters';
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if (e.key == "ArrowRight") {
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window.location.href = 'stateful-goroutines';
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<body>
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<div class="example" id="mutexes">
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<h2><a href="./">Go в примерах</a>: Мьютексы (Mutexes)</h2>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>В предыдущем примере мы увидели, как управлять простым
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состоянием счетчика с помощью <a href="atomic-counters">атомарных операций</a>.
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Для более сложного состояния мы можем использовать <em>мьютекс(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusion">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_exclusion</a>)</em>
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для безопасного доступа к данным в нескольких горутинах.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code empty leading">
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</td>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<a href="http://play.golang.org/p/USO1aTX_xMe" target="_blank"><img title="Run code" src="play.png" class="run" /></a><img title="Copy code" src="clipboard.png" class="copy" />
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">package</span> <span class="nx">main</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="s">"fmt"</span>
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<span class="s">"math/rand"</span>
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<span class="s">"sync"</span>
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<span class="s">"sync/atomic"</span>
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<span class="s">"time"</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nx">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Для нашего примера <code>state</code> будет картой.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">state</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Этот <code>mutex</code> будет синхронизировать доступ к <code>state</code>.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">mutex</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">sync</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Mutex</span><span class="p">{}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Мы будем отслеживать, сколько операций чтения и
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записи мы выполняем.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">readOps</span> <span class="kt">uint64</span>
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<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nx">writeOps</span> <span class="kt">uint64</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Здесь мы запускаем 100 горутин для выполнения
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повторных операций чтения по состоянию, один раз
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в миллисекунду в каждой горутине.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">r</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">r</span> <span class="p"><</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">r</span><span class="o">++</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">go</span> <span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">total</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
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<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Для каждого чтения мы выбираем ключ для
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доступа, блокируем <code>mutex</code> с помощью <code>Lock()</code> ,
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чтобы обеспечить исключительный доступ к
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<code>состоянию</code>, читаем значение в выбранном ключе,
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разблокируем мьютекс <code>Unlock()</code> и увеличиваем
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количество <code>readOps</code>.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">key</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">rand</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Intn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Lock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nx">total</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="nx">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Unlock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nx">atomic</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">AddUint64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">readOps</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Немного ждем между чтениями.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Millisecond</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}()</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Запустим так же 10 горутин для симуляции записи,
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так же как мы делали для чтения.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">w</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">w</span> <span class="p"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">w</span><span class="o">++</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">go</span> <span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="nx">key</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">rand</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Intn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">val</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">rand</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Intn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Lock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nx">val</span>
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<span class="nx">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Unlock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nx">atomic</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">AddUint64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">writeOps</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Millisecond</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="p">}()</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Пусть 10 горутин работают над <code>состоянием</code> и
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<code>мьютексом</code> на секунду.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Second</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Смотрим финальное количество операций</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">readOpsFinal</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">atomic</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">LoadUint64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">readOps</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"readOps:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">readOpsFinal</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">writeOpsFinal</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="nx">atomic</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">LoadUint64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">writeOps</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"writeOps:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">writeOpsFinal</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>С окончательной блокировкой <code>состояния</code> смотрим,
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как все закончилось.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code">
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<div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nx">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Lock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"state:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nx">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Unlock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Запуск программы показывает, что мы выполнили
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около 90000 операций в нашем синхронизированном
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с <code>мьютексом</code>состоянии.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code leading">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">$</span> go run mutexes.go
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<span class="go">readOps: 83285</span>
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<span class="go">writeOps: 8320</span>
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<span class="go">state: map[1:97 4:53 0:33 2:15 3:2]</span>
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</pre></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="docs">
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<p>Далее мы рассмотрим реализацию той же задачи управления
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состоянием с использованием только горутин и каналов.</p>
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</td>
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<td class="code empty">
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p class="next">
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Следующий пример: <a href="stateful-goroutines">Управление состоянием горутин (Stateful Goroutines)</a>.
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</p>
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<p class="footer">
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by <a href="https://markmcgranaghan.com">Mark McGranaghan</a> | <a href="https://github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample/blob/master/examples/mutexes">source</a> | <a href="https://github.com/mmcgrana/gobyexample#license">license</a>
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</p>
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</div>
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<script>
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var codeLines = [];
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codeLines.push('');codeLines.push('package main\u000A');codeLines.push('import (\u000A \"fmt\"\u000A \"math/rand\"\u000A \"sync\"\u000A \"sync/atomic\"\u000A \"time\"\u000A)\u000A');codeLines.push('func main() {\u000A');codeLines.push(' var state = make(map[int]int)\u000A');codeLines.push(' var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}\u000A');codeLines.push(' var readOps uint64\u000A var writeOps uint64\u000A');codeLines.push(' for r := 0; r \x3C 100; r++ {\u000A go func() {\u000A total := 0\u000A for {\u000A');codeLines.push(' key := rand.Intn(5)\u000A mutex.Lock()\u000A total += state[key]\u000A mutex.Unlock()\u000A atomic.AddUint64(&readOps, 1)\u000A');codeLines.push(' time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)\u000A }\u000A }()\u000A }\u000A');codeLines.push(' for w := 0; w \x3C 10; w++ {\u000A go func() {\u000A for {\u000A key := rand.Intn(5)\u000A val := rand.Intn(100)\u000A mutex.Lock()\u000A state[key] = val\u000A mutex.Unlock()\u000A atomic.AddUint64(&writeOps, 1)\u000A time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)\u000A }\u000A }()\u000A }\u000A');codeLines.push(' time.Sleep(time.Second)\u000A');codeLines.push(' readOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&readOps)\u000A fmt.Println(\"readOps:\", readOpsFinal)\u000A writeOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&writeOps)\u000A fmt.Println(\"writeOps:\", writeOpsFinal)\u000A');codeLines.push(' mutex.Lock()\u000A fmt.Println(\"state:\", state)\u000A mutex.Unlock()\u000A}\u000A');codeLines.push('');codeLines.push('');
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<script src="site.js" async></script>
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</body>
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</html>
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